Definition of Terms Essay

A pre-Socratic Greek realist thinker. Democritus was an understudy of Leucippus and co-originator of the conviction that all issue is comprised of different long-lasting, unified components which he called atoma or â€Å"indivisible units†, from which we get the English word iota. Mesopotamia A support of human advancement topographically situated between the Tigris and Euphrates waterways, to a great extent comparing to cutting edge Iraq. Sumer in southern Mesopotamia is generally viewed as the world’s most punctual human progress. Urban communities in Mesopotamia later filled in as capitals of the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Mitanni, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Parthian, Sassanid and Abbasid domains. Thought An idea or reflection shaped and existing in the brain. Human capacity to mull over thoughts is related with the capacity of thinking, self-reflection, and the capacity to gain and apply insight. Further, thoughts offer ascent to genuine ideas, or brain speculations, which are the reason for any sort of information whether science or theory. Humbaba A colossal goliath of prehistoric age raised by Utu, the Sun. Humbaba orHuwawa was likewise the gatekeeper of the Cedar Forest where the divine beings lived. Anubis The Greek name for the antiquated jackal-headed divine force of the dead in Egyptian folklore whose hieroglyphic variant is all the more precisely spelled Anpu. He is otherwise called Sekhem Em Pet. Supplications to Anubis have been discovered cut on the most antiquated burial chambers in Egypt; without a doubt, the Unas text (line 70) partners him with the Eye of Horus. He fills in as both a guide of the as of late left and a watchman of the dead. Kumarbi bit off the private parts of Anu and spat out three new divine beings. This is connected in the Hittite fantasy Kingship in Heaven: Alalu was ousted by Anu who was thusly toppled by Kumarbi. At the point when Anu attempted to escape Kumarbi gnaws off his privates. Anu tells his child that he is presently pregnant with the Teshub, Tigris and Tasmisu. After hearing this Kumarbi spit the semen upon the ground and it became impregnated with two kids. Kumarbi gets pregnant and is sliced open to convey Tesub. Together, Anu and Teshub oust Kumarbi Tammuz Tammuz was built up out of appreciation for the eponymous god Tammuz, who began as a Sumerian shepherd-god, Dumuzid or Dumuzi, the associate of Inanna and, in his Akkadian structure, the equal partner of Ishtar. The Syrian Adonis (â€Å"lord†), who was brought into the Greek pantheon, is another partner of Tammuz,son and associate. The Aramaic name â€Å"Tammuz† appears to have been gotten from the Akkadian structure Tammuzi, in light of early Sumerian Damu-zid. Theocracy A type of government where political influence successfully rests with a little world class fragment of society (regardless of whether recognized by riches, family or military forces). The word theocracy is from the Greek words for â€Å"few†. Aton was the focal point of Akhenaten’s religion, yet seeing Aton as Akhenaten’s god is a rearrangements. Aton is the name given to speak to the sun oriented circle. The term Aton was utilized to assign a plate, and since the sun was a circle, step by step became related with sun oriented divinities. Aton communicates in a roundabout way the nurturing power of light. Babylon A city of old Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, around 85 kilometers (55 mi) south of Baghdad. It was the â€Å"holy city† of Babylonia from around 2300 BC, and the seat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 612 BC. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Iliad The sonnet concerns occasions during the tenth and last year in the attack of the city of Ilion, or Troy, by the Greeks (See Trojan War). The word Iliad implies â€Å"pertaining to Ilion† (in Latin, Ilium), the city appropriate, rather than Troy (in Greek, , Troia; in Latin, Troia), the state revolved around Ilium, over which Priam ruled. The names Ilium and Troy are regularly utilized conversely. Hyksos An Asiatic people who attacked the eastern Nile Delta, starting the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. They rose to control in the seventeenth century BC, (as per the customary sequence) and governed Lower and Middle Egypt for a long time, shaping the Fifteenth and perhaps the Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, (c. 1648â€1540 BC). [1] This 108-year time frame follows the Turin Canon, which gives the six lords of the Hyksos fifteenth Dynasty a complete rule length of 108 years. [2] Epimetheus Epimetheus (â€Å"hindsight†, actually â€Å"hind-thought†) was the sibling of Prometheus (â€Å"foresight†, truly â€Å"fore-thought†), a couple of Titans who â€Å"acted as delegates of mankind† (Kerenyi 1951, p 207). They were the indivisible children of Iapetus, who in different settings was the dad of Atlas. While Prometheus is portrayed as bright and shrewd, Epimetheus is delineated as stupid. Attica A fringe (development) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. Attica is partitioned into the prefectures of Athens, Piraeus, East Attica and West Attica. Enki A god in Sumerian folklore, later known as Ea in Babylonian folklore, initially boss divine force of the city of Eridu. He was the divinity of artworks . The specific significance of his name is questionable: the basic interpretation is â€Å"Lord of the Earth†: the Sumerian en is deciphered as a title comparable to â€Å"lord† Nebuchadnezzar II A leader of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who ruled c. 605 BC-562 BC. He is acclaimed for his fantastic structure inside his capital of Babylon, his job in the Book of Daniel, and his development of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and known among Christians and Jews for his victories of Judah and Jerusalem. Ionians One of the four principle antiquated Greek phyla or clans, connected by their utilization of the Ionic tongue of the Greek language whose settlements were found primarily on the Islands among Greece and Anatoliaâ€but whose people groups chose the two drifts also (offering ascend to the eponymously named locale of Ionia), which relocations incorporates just the southern territories of the Greek territory including Athens. Akhenaten Meaning Effective soul of Aten, first known as Amenhotep IV (some of the time read as Amenophis IV and importance Amun is Satisfied) before his first year, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth line of Egypt. He is particularly noted for endeavoring to propel the Egyptian populace in the monotheistic love of Aten, despite the fact that there are questions with regards to how effective he was at this. Inanna The goddess of adoration and war, if Inanna wasn’t lashing on her fight sandals,she was seen strutting around the roads of her old neighborhood, hauling youngsters out of the bars to engage in sexual relations with her. Regardless of her relationship with mating and fruitfulness of people and creatures, Inanna was not a mother goddess, and is seldom connected with labor. Inanna was additionally connected with downpour and storms and with the planet Venus.. Unfathomable It is represented by the interminability sign which resembles an altered number 8. Ii shows the unceasing forces of a divine being above all else which is boundless. Annunaki A gathering of Sumerian and Akkadian divinities identified with, and sometimes covering with, the Annuna (the ‘Fifty Great Gods’) and the Igigi (minor divine beings). The name is differently composed â€Å"da-nuna†, â€Å"da-nuna-ke4-ne†, or â€Å"da-pious devotee na†, which means something with the impact of ‘those of regal blood’ or ‘princely posterity or â€Å"heaven and earth† (Anu-na-ki) The Annunaki show up in the Babylonian creation legend, Enuma Elish. Shamash Means â€Å"sun†. Both in right on time and in late engravings Sha-pound is assigned as the â€Å"offspring of Nannar,† I. e. of the moon-god, and since, in a list of the pantheon, Sin by and large outweighs everything else of Shamash, it is in relationship, probably, to the moon-god that the sun-god shows up as the reliant force. Foundation An establishment of higher learning, research, or privileged participation. The name follows back to Plato’s school of theory, established roughly 385 BC at Akademia, an asylum of Athena, the goddess of astuteness, north of Athens. Sparta A Dorian Greek military city-state, initially focused in Laconia. Sparta stressed military preparing, and in the wake of accomplishing eminent triumphs over the Athenian and Persian Empires, viewed itself as the regular defender of Greece. The Kings of Sparta were accepted to be the immediate relatives of Hercules. [ Hephaestus The Greek god whose Roman proportionate was Vulcan; he was the lord of innovation, metal forgers, experts, craftsmans, artists, metals and metallurgy, and fire. He was loved in all the assembling and modern focuses of Greece, particularly Athens recognized by Greek homesteaders in southern Italy with the spring of gushing lava divine beings Adranus of Mount Etna and Vulcanus of the Lipara islands, and his fashion moved here by the writers. Uruk An old city of Sumer and later Babylonia, arranged east of the current bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the old Nil channel, in a district of swamps, around 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Octavian The name Gaius Octavius. His dad, of a similar name, originated from a good yet undistinguished group of the equestrian request and had been legislative head of Macedonia. After Octavius’ birth, his dad gave him the surname of Thurinus, conceivably to remember his triumph at Thurii over a defiant band of slaves. [ Dialectics A contention, that is, the trading of contentions and counter-contentions individually pushing recommendations (theories) and counter-suggestions (absolute opposites). The result of the activity may not just be the nullification of one of the applicable perspectives, yet a blend or mix of the contradicting statements. Gaea The Greek goddess exemplifying the Earth. Her Roman equal was Terra . gets from the Greek words Ge ( ) = Earth

Things That Garbage Can Reveal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Things That Garbage Can Reveal - Essay Example The trash from the rubbish container delineates assortment and the comparing amount of materials concerning particular financial inconsistency in the midst of the hidden exercises and winning dietary patterns of each property(Pellow, 34-156).Cheap and broadly accessible nourishments, for example, grains, natural products, nuts, nearby fish, chicken eggs and comparing lentils portray moderately lower financial class since they are of insignificant expense. On the other hand, costly meat and relating stays of salted fish delineate the high financial class of family unit. Additionally, the loss from the neighboring channels that turned up to a lesser extent a decent variety of nourishments portrayed submerged financial error in the midst of neighbors. Trash likewise uncovers the monetary status of the family as to the amount bundles they purchase that is generally lower salary families buy items in littler bundles while comparing upper-pay families buy enormous economy-size substances. A bigger parcel of pizza, frankfurters, burger, crisps, dessert and sodas uncovers that the hidden family had generally higher income(Pellow, 34-156). Bigger amounts additionally uncover that the families were huge while hardly any parcels delineate moderately littler family. In aggregate, the sort of trash regularly portrays the financial class of the hidden family unit, the quantity of people inside the family, monetary government assistance and culture. In addition, archeologists to a great extent rely upon trash in deciding of the way of life of a family and thus neighborhood.

Cold Knap Lake :: English Literature

Cold Knap Lake This sonnet is about an occurrence from the writer's youth. Cold Knap Lake is a genuine spot close Barry in Glamorgan, South Wales. It is a Bronze Age entombment site, and something of a neighborhood marvel spot. A little young lady is suffocated in the lake, or so it appears, however the artist's mom gives her the kiss of life, and her (the poet's) father takes the youngster home. The young lady's folks are poor and beat her as a discipline. Now, the artist ponders whether she, as well, was...there and saw this (the beating, as opposed to the salvage) or not. The sonnet is uncertain - the essayist considers the to be as one of numerous things that are lost under shutting water. What starts as a reflection on a clear memory finishes by perceiving the cutoff points and ambiguity of the manner in which we review the past. In the opening lines, the artist holds onto the peruser's consideration with the appearing reality of death. This causes the mother's activity to appear to be yet more phenomenal. In the event that we expect that the wartime gown is being worn during (not after) the Second World War, at that point the writer (conceived in 1937) would have been all things considered eight years of age. The mother is a courageous woman yet her activity has nothing to do with the war. The remainder of the group either do not think about fake breath, or dread to step up to the plate. Also, they are quiet maybe in light of the fact that they don't anticipate that the kid should recoup. The artist takes note of how her mom's anxiety is benevolent - she gives her breath to a more interesting's kid. (We can balance this with the writer's confirmation of her own chilliness to another person's youngster in Infant sitting.) The picture additionally recommends the supernatural occurrence of creation as related in Genesis (the main book of the Bible), where God gives Adam life, by breathing into his noses. Back to top The writer doesn't censure, yet appears to be stunned by, the youngster's being whipped for nearly suffocating. In any case, for all we know, the guardians who beat her idea this was the correct method to show their girl to be progressively cautious. (The episode may likewise clarify the artist's hesitance, a long time later, as she writes in Catrin, to let her own little girl skate in the dim.) In the penultimate verse, the pool of the title supplies a well-suited picture of memory. Under the shadow of willow trees, shady with silken mud, blended as the swans fly from the lake - the grieved surface stows away any careful data. What truly happened lies with numerous other lost things under the water that closes over them - in the lake, where

Persuasive Language Techniques Free Essays

Influential Language Techniques 1. Assaults Attacks are a form of playing the man, not the ball. In the event that you can cause your resistance to appear to be less believable, you might be bound to get a peruser to concur with your side of the contention. We will compose a custom exposition test on Powerful Language Techniques or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In any event, consideration can be detracted from the issue itself and put on to the character. Assaults can endeavor to put down or humiliate or outright affront a rival. The thought is that the more fragile you can cause your resistance to show up, the more grounded you and your dispute will show up. Model content: That’s the kind of recommendation I’d anticipate from a nose noticeable all around toff like Turnbull. . Informal Language Colloquial (slang) language can be utilized in various ways. It can set the author up as proficient, within a social gathering. An author may likewise utilize slang in a snide way, to assault a rival or counterfeit a contention. It might likewise be utilized to interest a reader’s own feeling of social personality, or strengthen a writer’s in general tone. Model content: She’s a top sheila that Jessica Rowe. Channel Nine are unmistakable raving to give her the boot. 3. Emotive Appeals Like numerous powerful methods, emotive interests plan to connect with people’s sentiments, not rationale or reason. On the off chance that an author can control a peruser to feel a specific way, that peruser ought to be bound to concur with the writer’s in general conflict. Frequently journalists will utilize different types of powerful language strategies so as to speak to people’s feelings. There is an enormous assortment of emotive reactions that can be focused on by journalists, for example, Democracy Family valuesHedonismReason and rationale Charity Fashion-senseHip-pocket nerveSafety CompassionFear of changeMoralitySelf-intrigue Environmentalism FreedomNostalgiaSense of equity Fairness Group loyaltyPatriotismVanity Model content 1: Soon we will see regular folks lying dead in our own roads in the event that we don't act against fear mongering. Model content 2: In our general public today there are individuals living without food or satisfactory safe house. Such nuts and bolts of life can be given if those of us who can bear to, provide for associations, for example, the Salvation Army, to help those incapable to support themselves. 4. Comprehensive language Inclusive language plans to legitimately address the peruser, either by and by or as an individual from a mutual gathering. This includes utilizing such words as us, we, you, our. Model content: It is the ideal opportunity for us to show our faith in the estimation of mateship and a reasonable go, and offer liberally to the Good Friday Appeal. 5. Facetious inquiry A non-serious inquiry is one in which the appropriate response is so evident it isn't required. The thought here isn't to get an answer, simply to fortify a point. Model content: Should footballers be treated as exempt from the rules that everyone else follows? Influential Language Techniques 6. Embellishment An author may portray a circumstance in compelling, exaggerated language so as to cause the issue to appear to be more significant or pressing than it might somehow or another be thought of. Overstating the size of an issue can draw an enthusiastic reaction from a peruser. Otherwise called exaggeration. Model content: Councils are losing the war against vandals. 7. Accentuation There are three sorts of accentuation that essayists use to cause the reader’s to notice a particular point or thought: Repetition; Cumulation and Alliteration Repetition Repeating a solitary word various occasions over is reiteration. Model content: We will all languish over years to come except if we stop this administration, stop them in the work environment, stop them in the surveys, and stop them on political decision day. Cumulation Using numerous comparative words in a short space is cumulation. Model content: This assignment requires guts, assurance, coarseness and self discipline. Similar sounding word usage Repetition of the first solid in quite a while is similar sounding word usage. Model content: To rip individuals off so unmitigatedly shows Mr. Fainthearted to be unfeeling, ascertaining and screwy. 8. Proof. There are three primary kinds of proof: Anecdotal; Expert Opinion and Statistical Anecdotal proof An account is a story including genuine occasions, a genuine story. Such stories can be utilized by authors as proof to back their cases. To help a conflict, and to cause themselves to show up progressively tenable, essayists regularly utilize individual accounts. Model content: I can reveal to you that, as a single parent of two, I got next to no in the method of money related help during my endeavors to come back to fulltime work. Master sentiment To make a writer’s position appear to be increasingly dependable, they may cite the assessments of specialists that compare with their own. As in a legal dispute, specialists are frequently approached to cause one side to appear to be more grounded and progressively credible. Model content: My remain on the issue of uncovered clothing is bolstered by style creator Ruby Reed, who as of late expressed: â€Å"Anyone whose clothing is presented because of low threw pants ought to be rebuffed as powerfully as could reasonably be expected. † Statistical proof Like any type of proof, insights can be utilized to cause a contention to appear to be progressively decisive, a writer’s feeling increasingly substantial. Regularly insights are utilized that are outside of any relevant connection to the subject at hand, or from questionable sources. As the idiom goes, â€Å"There are lies, accursed untruths, and insights. † Example message: An ongoing overview found that 90% of understudies supported no school regalia by any means. Instructions to refer to Persuasive Language Techniques, Essays

How Long Does TCP Stay in Your System

How Long Does TCP Stay in Your System Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Print How Long TCP Stays in Your System By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 17, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 29, 2019 Andrew Brookes/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Prescription Medications Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Estimating how long TCP (Tenocyclidine) is detectable in the body depends on many variables, including which kind drug test is being used. TCPâ€"also known as N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidineâ€"can be detected for a shorter time with some tests but can be visible for up to three months in other tests. The timetable for detecting TCP in the system is also dependent upon each individuals metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health conditions, and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact time TCP will show up on a drug test. The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which TCP can be detected by various testing methods: Urine: TCP can be detected in the urine for 2-5 days.Blood: A blood test can detect TCP for up to 24 hours.Saliva: A saliva test can detect TCP for up to 1-5 daysHair: TCP, like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days. Preventing an Overdose TCP is an analog of phencyclidine (PCP) in which the phenyl substituent is replaced with a thiophene group. It is intended for forensic and research applications only. However, when it is abused, TCP produces effects similar to the dissociative drug PCP except perhaps even more intense. The drug was placed on the list of Schedule 1 controlled substances when it was being abused in the 1970s and 1980s, but it is rarely used today. A TCP overdose can produce symptoms similar to a PCP overdose, which include: Low blood pressure and pulse rateSlow breathingNauseaVomitingBlurred visionDizziness If if you think someone has taken an overdose of TCP, call 9-1-1 immediately or the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. TCP Is a Dangerous Chemical Coming in contact with Tenocyclidine itself can be harmful. It can cause skin irritation and serious eye damage. TCP can also cause mucous membrane and upper respiratory tract irritation. According to the manufacturers Safety Data Sheet, if someone inhales Tenocyclidine the should be moved into a fresh air environment immediately and administered oxygen. In the case of skin contact with Tenocyclidine, the area should be washed with soap and water for at least 15 minutes and any contaminated clothing removed. Medical attention should be sought immediately, according to the safety precautions. If you get Tenocyclidine in your eyes, you should hold your eyelids apart and flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Your eyes should be examined and tested by a trained professional, the drugs manufacturer recommends.

Solving Employment Issues by Coalition Government in New Zealand - 1925 Words

Solving Employment Issues by Coalition Government in New Zealand (Essay Sample) Content: Solving Employment Issues by Coalition Government in New Zealand Name Professor's Name Course Date Solving the Employment Issues by Coalition Government in New Zealand Introduction Coalition governments do comprise different parties that come together for the formation of a government, and the members of the parties therefore commit to work together as a unit and to drive the agenda of the government together. In this case, it is realized that the individual parties have different policies on how to deal with certain issues of the economy including wealth creation, how to deal with the issues of employment, and other economic issues in the country, like agriculture, industrial growth, taxation, and health policies. Different political parties therefore do have different frameworks of handling these different policies and when they come together to work, they have to rationalize the different policies that they have, to come to a binding and conclusive policy paper that clearly articulates how to deal with the issues (Spoonley, Dupuis, and Bruin, 2006). In the rationalization of the policies, there are likely to be challenges that are faced by the parties since the ideological beliefs of the parties may not be flexible to alter. The party's secretariats have to therefore exercise tolerance and allow the give and take principle to take precedence so that a conclusion can be reached. In the case of New Zealand, the possibility of the Green party and Labour party coming together for a coalition must definitely show its strengths as well as the weaknesses in dealing with the issue of employment and unemployment in the country.Thus, this paper looks at the different positions held by the two political parties ha and how they will work for and against them in case they form a coalition government, and is biased to the issues of unemployment among youths in the country. Ideological Positions of the Parties on Employment Matters "An ideology in the political environment is defined as a set of political thoughts that guides and determines policies and political actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Political ideologies are not accepted by all the people of every nation and this is even seenin the individual political parties. In this case, the Green and the Labour party have different political ideologies concerning matters relating to employment and unemployment issues. Ideological References of the Green Party The Greenparty has shown consistent approach to the issues that relates to employment. In their policies, they can be rated to have those policies that appeal to those who are employed. For instance, from 1999, the party has conceived policies for the betterment of the employees (Steve, 2010). They repeal the ECA payment equity for the women in the country. They also made proposal to extend the parental leave progressively form 12 weeks by 1999 to 14 weeks by 2011. The party has also proposed the minimum annual leave to be 4 weeks and have maintained the position to date. The reduced working hours in a week has also been an issue that is critically looked into by the party and maintained it to 35 hours in a week (Auston, 2008). In a very controversial way, the party has also encouraged child employment but maintained that the environment for such employees be safe. Above all, the party has throughout maintained that workers must be supported through their cooperatives; the party has then supported the workers through their cooperatives. They have also worked for the review of the ERA and in that sense, they have supported industrial democracy, employment, and pay equity (Auston, 2008). They have also supported the views of collective bargaining coupled with the balance of wages and life as well as job security. The contribution of the party to the issues of industrial relations has been manifested by the party and it can be attested that it holds a strong position for the employed and wants to better their condition of life. Ideological References of the Labour Party The industrial relation policies of the Labour party are not as comprehensive as that of the Greens party, although it supports some of the terms for employees, like the collective bargaining as is the case with Greens. It fails to address other fundamental areas that relates to the employees. "Their proposed minimum wage is $15 and the party do subscribes to the idea of workers unionism and sympathy workers" (Boston, 2005).One of the most difference issues that stand out in their policies of the industrial relation is their proposal that they do not allow for the replacement of the striking workers. Given the different ideological preferences of the parties, it has to be appreciated that they have fundamental differences that needs a lot of rationalization for the existence of the parties in a coalition. Possible conflicts that Might Occur in Implementing Employment Policies by the Greens and Labour Parties Therefore, it is notable that there are fundamental differences in the way the two parties are planning to deal with issues that relates to employment in the country. A case in point here is where the Labour party proposes a minimum wage of $15 while the Green party only proposes a minimum wage without specification. The issue here is, what economic policies have the parties considered to come to such conclusions in terms of the minimum wage. In rationalizing these wage issues, certain economic aspects will have to be considered for review otherwise, there will be no conclusive issues reached. "These tasks may sound tedious and may jeopardize the efforts to integrate policies of the different parties in a proper manner" (Boston, 2005). How the political parties react to the workers union is also different. The Labour party hold the view that the unions of the workers should be compulsory while the Greens hold the contrary opinion over the same. Workers form a significant part of the population to the government in terms of tax payment; hence, the government should also then accept the requirement of the workers and address their grievances so that they can allow for the satisfaction of both the parties (Danford, 2007). In this case, one of the parties in the coalition government will be strongly rooting for the grievances of the workers while the other remains hesitant to the issue. This may form a recipe for divergent opinions over the issue. Following the provision of the two parties with regard to the employed, it is possible that there can be a problem in implementing policies in relating them to the workers. It is therefore possible that implementing such policies will be difficult if none of the parties is willing to cede grounds on the best way forward in dealing with the issues of the workers. It is therefore important that there should be a thorough integration process of the two parties so that the coalition of the two parties can be run on policies that are approved by both. This is so important because already the two parties hold different views in relation to the same fundamental issue (Danford, 2007). Policies for reducing the rate of Unemployment in New Zealand Every government has the moral obligation to reduce the rate of unemployment in the country as a way of improving the economy and the living standards of the employees in the country. Most countries have set the limits of tolerance for unemployment and the government in place must ensure at all the times that the standards are maintained. One way of dealing with the problem is opening new frontiers for employment, which may include attracting new investors in the country. This should specifically target the youths since they constitute the population with future prospect. If there is a coalition of the two parties, they should work on policies that ensure that the youths are integrated in the employment scale just as it is for any other population group (Heyman, 2005). Youth unemployment can only be mitigated through policies that not only recognize them but also ensure that there are economic openings in the country that will assure that new employment frontiers are opened in the country in terms of industrial development and economic growth. It is also important that the government design education policies that will keep the young population in school for the longest time possible, a period that they are supposed to be endowed with the useful skills that will enable them to earn a living after school (Rudman, 2009). This program will ensure that youths are skilfully trained as they are hoarded in school for an extended period so that they do not remain in the society and at the same time are unemployed. This makes the issue of unemployment to be palpable (Heyman, 2005). The government should first ensure that the youths are equipped with the necessary skills that are relevant in the today's employment market. In the case that this is realized, it is possible then that the government can put in place a policy that encourages foreign investors in the country so that new opportunities can be created in the country (Miller 2005). In the same time, the government should ensure that the existing industries are involved in an agreement to employ the youths as a way of necessitating transition of the work power and skills transfer to the youths in the country. Strong policies that define for the works sharing policies should be highly encouraged in the country to allow for sharing of the available work in the workplaces. This system shou...

Father and Son in Death of a Salesman, and Fences Essay

The role of a father could be a difficult task when raising a son. The ideal relationship between father and son perhaps may be; the father sets the rules and the son obeys them respectfully. However it is quite difficult to balance a healthy relationship between father and son, because of what a father expects from his son. For instance in the narratives, â€Å"Death of a Salesman,† and â€Å"Fences† both Willy and Troy are fathers who have a difficult time in earning respect from their sons, and being a role model for them. Between, â€Å"Death of a Salesman,† and â€Å"Fences,† both protagonists, Willy and Troy both depict the role of a father in distinctive ways; however, in their struggle, Willy is the more sympathetic of the two. In comparing Willy†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, unlike Willie and his two sons, Troy’s son, Cory, had a job and also assisted Troy with payments. The portrayal between, Willie and Troy as fathers, has had an impact in the development of their sons differently. Firstly, Willie has always had high hopes in his older son, Biff. Willie believed that in raising Biff, he will one day be successful, and ambitious. However, it is a pity that it never turned out that way. In fact, throughout the story, Biff reveals that he is not ambitious. â€Å"Hap, the trouble is we weren’t brought up to grub for money. I don’t know how to do it.† (Gioia, 2010) It is a shame that Willie is a hardworking man who dreams in success and Biff was not born with equal desire. It would not be a surprise if Willie felt heartbreak; to be unable to set an example for his son Biff to follow. On the other hand, Troy could be described as a character that is selfish. Throughout the story, â€Å"Fences† Troy reveals his selfishness when interfering with Cory’s potential in football, and telling him that working is more important . â€Å"You go on down there to that AP and see if you can get your job back. If you can’t do both†¦then you quit the football team.† (Gioia, 2010) Undoubtedly, Troy’s interest is more concentrated in ensuring that the bills get paid, than to agree with Cory playing football. Furthermore Troy wants Cory to maintain that job becauseShow MoreRelated Comparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson1267 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson have similar themes of conflicts between fathers and sons, conflicts between husbands and wives, and the need to focus on a small unit of space in order to achieve success. In the process of developing these themes throughout the two plays, three similar symbolic elements are used including the insecure father figure, the other woman, and the garden. Read MoreAnalysis Of Death Of A Salesman And Fences 848 Words   |  4 Pages Legacy in ‘Death of a Salesman’ and ‘Fences’ I am convinced that the greatest legacy we can leave our children are happy memories: those precious moments so much like pebbles on the beach that are plucked from the white sand and placed in tiny boxes that lay undisturbed on tall shelves until one day they spill out and time repeats itself, with joy and sweet sadness, in the child now an adult. 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Value Added Tax and Total Sales Tax Essay - 750 Words

Unit 3 Assignment 1: Homework Short Answer 5, 6 p. 71 5. What two things must you normally specify in a variable declaration? You must specify the variable type and identifier. 6. What value is stored in uninitialized variables? Some languages assign a default value as 0 to uninitialized variables. In many languages, however, uninitialized variables hold unpredictable values. Algorithm Workbench Review Questions 3-10 p.71 3. Write assignment statements that perform the following operations with the variables a, b, and c. a. Adds 2 to a and stores the result in b Set b= 2 +a b. Multiplies b times 4 and stores the result in a set a= b*4 c. Divides a by 3.14 and stores the result in b set b= 3.14/b d. Subtracts 8 from b†¦show more content†¦Sales tax Design a program that will ask the user to enter the amount of purchase. The program should then compute the state and country sales tax. Assume the state sales tax is 4 percent and the country sales tax is 2 percent. The program should display the amount of purchase, the state sales tax, the country sales tax, the total sales tax, and the total of the sale (which is the sum of the amount of purchase plus the total sales tax). Hint use the value 0.02 to represent the 2 percent, and 0.04 to represent 4 percent. public class SalesTax { public static void main(String[] args) { double price; price = 100.00; System.out.println(The price of the item is + price); double value1 = 0.02; double state_tax = value1 * price; System.out.println(The state tax on the item is $ + state_tax); double value2 = 0.04; double county_tax = value2 * price; System.out.println(The county tax on the item is $ + county_tax); double total_sales_tax = state_tax + county_tax; System.out.println(The total sales tax on the item is $ + total_sales_tax); double total_sale_of_item = total_sales_tax + price; System.out.println(The total sale of the item is $ + total_sale_of_item); } } 8. Tip, Tax, and Total Design a program that calculates the total amount of a meal purchased at a restaurant. The program should ask the user to enter the charge for the food, and then calculate the amount of a 15 percent tip and 7 percent sales tax. Display each ofShow MoreRelatedAccounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh1634 Words   |  7 PagesAccounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh Term Paper On Accounting Aspect of Value Added Tax in Bangladesh Prepared By : Name : Md. Mahmudul Hassan Roll : University Roll : Class Roll : Supervisor’s Name and Designation Mr. Md Nurajjaman Assistant professor Department of Accounting Govt. B.M College, Barisal Date of Submission : OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying you shall be able to understand : âž ¢ The concept of Value added tax âž ¢ CharacteristicsRead MoreValue Added Tax And The Implementation Of China Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesQiming Wang 9/11/2016 Value Added Tax and The Implementation in China Brief history of value added tax VAT was introduced in 1954 in France, being the invention on an engineer – Maurice Laure – who worked as a fiscal inspector, banking employee and as an employee of a big retailer. If at the beginning VAT was created and destined for big companies, from 1996, at the proposal of the Finance Minister, it begins to be applied also in the retail sector. At the end of his career, the tax author remembered:Read MoreEssay on Government Taxation1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom taxation. A tax is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution imposed by government (Mikesell, 2011). Taxes are an amount of money collected from citizens, and they are used to provide public goods and services to benefit our communities. Taxes are amounts established in a political process of structured laws to determine how the collective cost of government services will be distributed among elements of the market economy. The two most important tax policies are theRead MoreEssay On Tax Structure Of India1563 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of tax structure in India Direct Taxes: These are taxes which are directly taken from the citizen of a country and are deducted from their incomes. Thus, the tax is paid by the person who bears the economic burden of the income generated. Examples: Income Tax and Corporate Tax. Indirect Taxes: These are taxes paid by the intermediaries on behalf of the final consumer who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax. These were collected by both the central and state governments. TheRead MoreEssay On Tax Structure1054 Words   |  5 PagesIn most cases, the tax structure under the new regime will be as follows: Transaction New Regime Old Regime Comments Sale within the state CGST + SGST VAT + Central Excise/Service tax Revenue will now be shared between the Centre and the State Sale to another State IGST Central Sales Tax + Excise/Service Tax There will only be one type of tax (central) now in case of inter-state sales. Let us assume, a businessman in Rajasthan has purchased goods for Rs 10,000 and the tax of goods and services atRead MoreChina Is The Second Large Economy1484 Words   |  6 Pagesto eat better food, have a better education, and live in a better house. Therefore, people in China today are confronting the problem. Why is this problem occurring? Other than the high population rate of China, there are few more reasons: 1) high tax rate, which cause high living expenses; 2) low social benefits, which mainly embodied in high medical expenses; 3) unaffordable housing price, which some people cannot even afford a house with mortgage, other people can only barely afford it but withRead MoreQuestions On Electronic Fiscal Devices Essay830 Words   |  4 Pageswide variety of technological devices that tax authorities use to monitor transactions (IMF, 2013). It is further defined as tool for efficient management controls in areas of sales analysis and stock monitoring and control (TRA, 2012). It is also defined as small machines that are used to determine the amount of Value Added Tax remitted to the government (Mapira, et al., 2000). The commonly used types of EFDs are Electronic Cash Registers, Electronic Tax Registers, Electronic Signature Devices andRead MoreIndia s Effect On The Indian Economy16 76 Words   |  7 PagesMultiplicity in Indian taxes has created complicated tax structure and has led to increase in the administration cost. To deal with this issue, the empowered committee of state finance ministers led by Mr. Asim Dasgupta has proposed the need to shift to GST regime from the existing VAT structure. This paper tries to analyze the impact of the proposed reform in the indirect tax system and whether it will boost the Indian economy by improving Tax-to-GDP ratio. Introduction: Direct as well as indirectRead MoreThe Role of Finance in Economics Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagessecure the financial resources to pay for these services. In many industrialized countries, spending and taxation by the government form a large portion of the nations total economic activity. For example, total government spending in the United States equals about 40 percent of the nations gross domestic product—that is, the value of all the goods and services produced within the United States in one year. Governments provide public goods—government-financed items and services such as roads, military

Analysis Of The Poem Not Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell

Maira L. Herrera-Sanchez Professor Emily N. Bartz English 203 9 February 2015 Sex Over Time in Andrew Marvell’s, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† Sex and lust have changed greatly over time, especially since the late 1600s. In the poem, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell the relationship between sex and time is rather passionate, but shifts as Marvell metaphorically describes time. The horrifying tone put on the metaphors, allusions, and the hyperboles play an important role in the understanding of Marvell’s meaning on sex and lust of the speaker’s lady over time. The idea that each sex act shortened someone’s life has come a long way. On the other hand it is believed that the message Marvell was trying to address was how the cold lady threatened the speakers love for her. Another idea is that the poem is based on death, and how everything will one day die, rather than the passionate approach. I will prove how these 2 ideas are wrong. In lines Marvell introduces the relation between time and the lady at fault, the speaker wants to love her but it is difficult, Had we but world enough, and time, This Coyness, lady, were no crime (Mays 739). Marvell shows how if they had time she would not be at fault, more specifically their sexual acts, and lust for one another would be the opposite of sinful. Marvell introduces â€Å"the Ganges’ side† in line 5 to begin to show that idea of motion and time. Then he emphasizes the motion of time even further when Marvell uses theShow MoreRelatedPoem Analysis On His Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell1319 Words   |  6 Pages Andrew Marvell wrote a unique love poem in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† as this poem expresses far more than one might expect or even perceive upon the first reading. Enveloped in this ode to a cherished muse are expressions of the â€Å"carpe diem† philosophy, laments about the impending doom of death, and hopes to transcend contemporary abilities to live forever in the love of another. While Marvell’s primary purpose in writing this piece may have been to woo a young maiden, he made a far more significantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poe m Of His Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell1975 Words   |  8 PagesRyan James Mrs. Dawson English II 21 September 2014 Seize the Day in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† In the poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell, the poet suggests that time is a limited resource, and one must live life at the moment. In the first stanza, the speaker conveys flattery to his addressee (his mistress), revealing how he would endlessly admire her body if time weren’t an issue, and if she wasn’t so shy. Conveying this sense of flattery, he hopes it will convince her to have sexRead More Analysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Andrew Marvells elaborate sixteenth century carpe diem poem, To His Coy Mistress, not only speaks to his coy mistress, but also to the reader. Marvells suggests to his coy mistress that time is inevitably rapidly progressing and for this he wishes for her to reciprocate his desires and to initiate a sexual relationship. Marvell simultaneously suggests to the reader that he or she should act upon their desires as well, to hesitate no longerRead MoreA Literary Analysis On The Shall I Compare Thee? Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis on the â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee?† (Sonnet XVIII) by William Shakespeare and the â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† Poem by Andrew Marvell This article compares the poems â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee?† (Sonnet XVIII) with â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† and examines the purposes of the poems and their implemented poetry techniques to convey their poets ideas. On first look it seems both poems are sharing the common ideas of â€Å"Love† but by analyzing the poems, it becomes clear that the purposes of the two poems are notRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Expectations In Literature1724 Words   |  7 Pagesassumptions about gender shape how readers perceive sex in literature; men are typically considered lustful, whereas women are considered loving. However, the subjects of sex, love, and lust in literature, as demonstrated in poems written by Robert Burns and Andrew Marvell, become increasingly nuanced when gender stereotypes and expectations are questioned and removed. Gender roles, expectations, and stereotypes have shifted and become less clearly defined through time, but they still exist andRead MoreThe s Coy Mistress By Andrew Marvell And The Flea1919 Words   |  8 Pagesthroughout â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell and â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne functions as a way to present, confirm and refute the traditional stereotypical view of carpe diem love poetry. The speakers within both poems aim to â€Å"seize the day† by wooing and taking advantage of women and their virginity and sexuality. They not only want to take advantage of the time they have but also make sure they do not regret not doing anything in the future. In specific, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† presents the viewRead More To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesTo His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell Andrew Marvell is considered a cavalier poet. He writes seduction poems that represent characteristics of cavalier poets through use of clever, witty, and developed lyrics. Marvells To His Coy Mistress is a seduction poem that contains these elements along with the use of rhyme, meter, imagery, and tone. Marvell creates a seduction poem that argues the desire for sexual gratification with a distinct aggressive tone. To begin with the speaker in theRead MoreComparing Easy by Andrew Fusek Peters and Andrew Marvells To his Coy Mistress1736 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Easy by Andrew Fusek Peters and Andrew Marvells To his Coy Mistress After reading the two poems in detail and after doing group analysis the following points were brought up for a further evaluation. These were: theme, ideas, language, imagery and personal opinion. Both poems deal with seduction and relationships but vary of how it is done. In the poem Easy, SEX seemed to be the biggest issue. The relationship here was more of a one time fling or a oneRead MoreAnalysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Sonnet by Elizabeth B. Browning3354 Words   |  14 PagesAnalysis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Sonnet by Elizabeth B. Browning This assignment will examine two poems that were written before 1914. The two poems I will be focussing on are To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Sonnet by Elizabeth B. Browning. In the essay I will be looking at how both poems emphasise love but yet have very different approaches as in the coy mistress the persona is trapping his mistress into falling in love with him and usesRead MoreThe Mythological/Archetypal Approach Reading of Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"to His Coy Mistress†1417 Words   |  6 PagesTo walk, and pass our long love’s day.† In these lines, we assume that time continues forever because the poem describes the leisurely pace of life spent in courtship of the beloved, silent mistress. â€Å"Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side , Shouldst rubies find; I by the tide†. In these lines the speaker embarks on some astonishing hyperbole to describe the praise he wants to give to his mistress. He selects two rivers, India’s Ganges, which is sacred to the Hindu religion and was believed to be the goddess

Essay on The Importance of Punctuality - 796 Words

Being punctual is important for numerous reasons, all of which can be applied to both military and civilian life, as well as your work life and social life. I think it is important because it shows that you have respect for others. If someone is consistently late to events it shows others around them that they have little or no respect for others and their time. Time is a valuable thing and it should be viewed as such. If a person has commitments and responsibilities involving others, they should realize that others time is just as important as their own. Someone that is consistently late shows others that they believe their time is more valuable than others. Also by being late a person disrupts all the others involved in the event, which†¦show more content†¦As someone new to our company I should have considered this. My actions have set a negative impression of myself for my fellow soldiers and my NCOs’. Instead of being viewed in a good light it may be possible tha t I am seen as someone that is irresponsible and undependable. If I am unable to manage my time effectively and be on time, others may have the impression that I am not responsible enough to do my job efficiently and correctly. In turn that impression could affect my career for a long period of time. Along with being respectful and responsible, being on time also means that you are more likely to know what is going on. Most of the time, the beginning of a meeting or a formation for that matter may be used to put out important information. Information in which leaders think is pertinent. If someone is late to a formation or meeting they run the risk of not getting the information put out or getting a misconstrued version from a fellow person. Without proper information that person is more likely to be late again and again starting a cycle that may be hard to break. As someone in the military this is something that should be avoided. A cycle of not being in the right place at the right time could lead to punishment such as UCMJ, extra duty, and in some scenarios a separation from the army. Being on time also sets a good example for others, if someone is late withoutShow MoreRelatedImportance of Punctuality1098 Words   |  5 PagesFirst Lt/CMAA ABHAN Chadwick, Rebecca, D The Importance of being Punctual Although the United States is not the only society that places a high regard on being on time, Americans in particular it would seem have been criticized in the past for being a highly time-oriented people, and some other cultures may not place the same level of importance on being punctual as exists in the United States today. This sense of being tied to a clock may strike some observers from other cultures as being downrightRead MoreImportance of Punctuality633 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Punctuality Punctuality is the habit of doing things exactly in time. A punctual person in most cases will be a winner everywhere. A person who is punctual is always one step ahead of others. If one does not work promptly and punctually it is bound to have a negative impact of various aspects of one’s life. Punctuality is essential for man in every walk of life and the same time it is fundamentally instilled in the character of every successful man too. For students it is a greatRead MoreThe Importance of punctuality and responsibility.1033 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿There are many aspects of being a soldier, a soldier must have certain attributes and skill to maintain an everyday army lifestyle. They must not be lacking in any one of the attributes required. Punctuality and responsibility are among two of the most important attributes any one soldier must have. Punctuality is the ability to be at the right place in the right time in the right uniform. On any one day in the United States Army a soldier will be required to be at a certain place at a certain time inRead MoreThe Importance of Punctuality Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Punctuality This paper with discuss the importance of doing the right thing, being in the right place, and most importantly, being there at the right time. Punctuality is one of the many ways to show professionalism. My goals in the army are high and in today’s army you have to be perceived as a high speed soldier in order to survive. Gone are the days of getting by with the bare minimum between deployments and field exercises. The past years of keeping branch numbers higherRead MoreImportance Of Time Management, Punctuality, And Accountability2041 Words   |  9 PagesTime Management Fauci Matthew R 16 Aug 2017 The importance of time management, punctuality, and accountability. In 2001, a CareerBuilder survey reported that a total of 15 percent of American workers were late at least once per week. When lateness does occur, its effects are felt and spread throughout the workplace. Though the importance of time management, punctuality, and accountability may seem obvious, the impact in reality has quite a few shrewd layers. Including its effectsRead MoreThe Importance of Accountability and Punctuality PFC Phillips796 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The Importance of Accountability and Punctuality Accountability is the obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. Punctuality is the habit of doing things exactly in time. So the main reason for this essay is because I did not follow out proper orders and was not at the correct place of duty for PT/Accountability formation at the correct time There is still no excuse for me to missRead MoreThe Importance Of Punctuality Pfc Chavis Tf Mustang1310 Words   |  6 Pages THE IMPORTANCE OF PUNCTUALITY PFC CHAVIS TF MUSTANG Abstract: This paper’s intention is to [Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the document or use this space to emphasize a key point. To place this text box anywhere on the page, just drag it.] identify the beliefs and meaning of punctuality. To point out the reason why it is important, and why it should be shown in the future. This paper will be used as a reminder of why w e all need to be punctual. We, the military, enforce punctualityRead MoreEssay about Importance of Punctuality in the Military793 Words   |  4 PagesPunctuality Punctuality is a very important part of military life for several reasons. one reason is that if someone is late for a patrol or convoy that patrol or convoy might haveto leave without that person. Another reason is because it will make whoever your relieving have to stay at work for longer than they are supposed to, tired and sluggish because of that fact, giving a high chance that whatever work that person does would be sub par and not up to standards because of lack of sleep.Read MorePunctuality And Its Effects On Our Lives And Functions On Schedules, Clocks, And Time Zones1493 Words   |  6 PagesEver since I became an adult, I have struggled to show up on time. I have been habitually late to appointments, special occasions interviews and even jobs, to name a few. To make matters even worse, punctuality is listed on my resume. Being late is obviously highly unfavorable and inconvienient in a world that lives and functions on schedules, clocks and time zones. â€Å"A recent s urvey found 15 to 20 percent of the U.S. population is consistently late, especially when it comes to work. (ABC)† â€Å"WhoRead MoreRight Place Right Time1015 Words   |  5 Pageson time not only severely hinders mission capability and readiness, but also can without a doubt cost unnecessary loss of life. It is important to realize that it is necessary for those in the Armed Forces are held to a higher standard. While punctuality remains and always will, an extremely vital aspect of military bearing and discipline. It has direct correlation to soldierly appearance, combat readiness, mission effectiveness, and essentially every facet of Military life and responsibility. I

Plato s Euthyphro The Moral Debate Between Euthyphro...

Term Paper on Plato’s ‘Euthyphro’ The play ‘Euthyphro’ by Plato, discusses about the moral debate between Euthyphro and Socrates on their theories and opinions on the pious and the impious, based on the actions that the Gods would decide and judge upon. In the beginning of the play, after Euthyphro enquires from Socrates about his reason for being present in King Archon’s court, to which he informs him on how he was indicted by Meletus for corrupting the people’s minds against the Gods, Socrates enquires about Euthyphro’s presence at court, which he replies that he is prosecuting against his father for murder of a labourer, who was one of Euthyphro’s defendants, which leaves Socrates surprised. Nonetheless, what leaves Socrates astonished about Euthyphro’s confidence on his father’s prosecution on murder, when he shares his, his father and family’s thought on this prosecution as: â€Å"it is impious for a son to prosecute his father for murder. But their ideas of the divine attitude to piety and impiety are wrong, Socrates.† (4e, Grube and Cooper, p.5) Becoming fascinated about the knowledge of the divine and of piety and impiety, Socrates tells Euthyphro: â€Å"It is indeed most important, my admirable Euthyphro, that I should become your pupil, and as regards this indictment, challenge Meletus about these very things and say to him: that in the past too I considered knowledge about the divine to be most important, and that now that he says I am guilty of improvising andShow MoreRelatedPlato s Euthyphro And Apology893 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophers are known to question, analyze and evaluate everything but do not always end with concrete conclusions. Plato’s Euthyphro and Apology, to no surprise, highlight one of such debate: the human characteristics of wisdom. Though Plato was one of the earliest philosophers, the topic of wisdom is still debated by modern philosophers today, contemplating questions such as â€Å"What are the classifications of ‘wisdom’?† According to Plato’s two dialogues , the characteristics of wisdom have a strongRead MoreEssay Music and Morality1472 Words   |  6 PagesE, during the time of philosophers like Socrates and Plato, music (although much different from what it is today) greatly influenced the mores of society. In the earliest times it was deemed inappropriate and unlawful for music to have an inhibitory affect on the mores of society. As history unfolds itself however, we come to see how greatly this changes. In the days of the above Greek philosophers, society had the ultimate say in the influence of moral content in music. However, in the courseRead MoreSocrates : The Soul Man2954 Words   |  12 PagesSocrates: Soul Man Intro (245 words) How you have felt, O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was - such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.† - Apology, 17A So, as told by Plato, Socrates began his defence before an Athenian jury on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth of the city. However, the real aim of these accusations seems to have been toRead MoreSocrates and Properties Essay3228 Words   |  13 Pages Socrates and Properties By Characterizing himself –Socrates- as both ignorant and wise, he presents us with one of the most striking paradoxes. Like so many of the other philosophers, is provocative in that its apparent self-contradiction hides an important idea for us readers to discover. Though out this text Socrates ignorance results from his belief that he has no knowledge of moral idea, or moral properties, such as justice, virtue, piety, and beauty. He asserts that, if only he knew theRead MoreSocrates And Confucius As Teachers3484 Words   |  14 PagesSocrates and Confucius as Educators Neither Confucius nor Socrates were regarded widely in their lifetimes as highly valuable and distinguished men. Their fates were colored with tragic hues, but their ethics have survived them and become immortalized as treasures of world culture. Socrates had a formative influence on Western philosophy, and he emphasized logical method, the meaning of human experience, and the quest for eudaimonia through moral excellence. His famous paradox, that no one does wrong

Down East Spud Busters Case Analysis free essay sample

This will give this big conglomerate grounded to the â€Å"little guy† and hopefully keep the company connected on the local level as it expands. As Deep East Spud Busters expands from Canada and Maine to Idaho, Europe, the Pacific Rim, and then into nationwide sales and distribution, the â€Å"people factor’ will become increasingly important. By the â€Å"people factor,† I am of course, to put it into business terms, talking about Human Resources. Given the immense geographical expanses and logistical challenges that will no doubt be a factor in such a major expansion, Human Resources are going to very important as they open up the new production plant in Idaho, continue innovating at the Maine higher-value processing plant where new, fresh ideas are paramount, penetrating international markets in Europe and the Pacific Rim where consumers have a totally foreign culture and speak a different language, and as they tap into nationwide sales and distribution here across the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Down East Spud Busters Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason being is that folks are different wherever you go and to have a successful company these days, management needs to be less rigid and more organic while treating its stakeholders as individuals with different needs and embracing diversity. But maybe you’re saying to yourself right now â€Å"potatoes are potatoes anywhere you go† or something like that. My response would be that sure potatoes are potatoes but people and their cultural situations are unique wherever you go. Laws and regulations are also different wherever one might go. Legislation, the role of trade unions and governments and their agencies, culture and values vary between regions and countries. Therefore the particular institutional structures operating in different national economies and societies are no doubt influential in my opinion, in maintaining dissimilar Human Resources policies in different countries, American states, counties, and cities. People’s behavior and needs will be influenced by the land in which they reside, and Deep East Spuds Busters is going to have to adjust accordingly. If DESB holds the people factor in high regard as they expand into new territories, they will increase their chance of success exponentially. I have personally have had several jobs where the company couldn’t care less about its employees and it’s not only miserable for the workers, but in my opinion it’s got to be bad for business as well. Company’s like Home Depot, Whittier Wood Products, and literally every wood mill in the Eugene/Springfield area treats their employees like crap, doesn’t pay them enough, overworks them, fires them and lays them off like it’s nothing, and most importantly, those businesses don’t take into account their employees individuality at all. There are definitely companies that not only should follow my idea of how Deep East Spud Busters should maintain their Human Resources departments, but also could be successful in adopting a similar organizational structure to their current and future business models. Some types of companies that I think could benefit from copying DESB’s current and future organizational model are of the following: Land owners who have timber on their land, independent gardeners, independent gold miners, independent mushroom growers, local artisans of pottery, wood crafts, and textiles, the list goes on and on. There are many types of businesses that could follow a template starting with a local cooperative, refinement of received products and materials, nationwide distribution and sales involving local salesmen, and then expansion into international markets. I think companies that produce a product easily made by the individual person could follow this model and not so much highly technical and industrial fields that already have their structures well establishes. For example, it would make no sense for Intel’s microchip producers to follow this model but it would make sense for an individual or small business that creates popular art pieces. Important Mechanisms Used to Coordinate Work: Modular Network: Temporary arrangements among partners that can be assembled and reassembled to adapt to the environment: also called a virtual network. Broker: A person who assembles and coordinates participants in a network. Standardization: Establishing common routines and procedures that apply uniformly to everyone. Formalization: The presence of rules and regulations governing how people in the organization interact. Coordination by Plan: Interdependent units are required to meet deadlines and objectives that contribute to a common goal. Business Agility and Ways to Improve It: Business agility is the ability of a business to adapt rapidly and cost efficiently in response to changes in the business environment. Business agility can be maintained by maintaining and adapting goods and services to meet customer demands, adjusting to the changes in a business environment and taking advantage of human resources. Agility is a concept that incorporates the ideas of flexibility, balance, adaptability, and coordination under one umbrella. Put in the context of business, agility refers to the ability of an organization to rapidly adapt to market and environmental changes in productive and cost-effective ways. The agile company is an extension of this concept, referring to an organization that utilizes key principles of adaptive systems and complexity science to achieve success. One can say that business agility is the outcome of Organizational Intelligence. Different areas that enterprises can improve their business agility are through strategy, commitment to customers, and their use of technology. Organization Structure Definition: Definition: The typically hierarchal arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. Organizational structure determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organizations objectives and strategy. In a centralized structure, the top layer of management has most of the decision making power and has tight control over departments and divisions. In a decentralized structure, the decision making power is distributed and the departments and divisions may have different degrees of independence. A company such as Proctor amp; Gamble that sells multiple products may organize their structure so that groups are divided according to each product and depending on geographical area as well. An organizational chart illustrates the organizational structure Citation: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/organizational. html Four Dimensions of an Organizational Structure: Authority: The legitimate right to make decisions and to tell other people what to do. Span of Control: The number of subordinates who report directly to an executive or supervisor. Delegation: The assignment of authority, responsibility, and accountability. Centralization: When important decisions are made at the top rather than spread out over the mid and lower levels of an organization. 4 Basic Forms of Horizontal Structures of Organizations: Functional Organization: Jobs and departments that are specialized and grouped according to business functions and the skills they require: production, marketing, human resource, research and development, finance, accounting, etc. Divisional Organization: Groupings of all functions into a single division that duplicates functions across all divisions. These are created as an organization becomes more diverse, complicated, and spread out over geographical regions. Matrix Organization: A hybrid form of organization in which functional and divisional forms overlap. Sales amp; Distribution Group Sales amp; Distribution Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Production Group Production Group Supply Group Supply Group Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Network Organization: A collection of independent, mostly single-function firms that collaborate to produce a good or service. Organizational Structure Chart for Down East Spud Buster (Note: Chart Represents Each Division): Sales amp; Distribution Group Sales amp; Distribution Group Sales amp; Distribution Group Sales amp; Distribution Group Sales amp; Distribution Group Sales amp; Distribution Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Group Personnel Manager Personnel Manager Sales amp; Distribution Manager Sales amp; Distribution Manager CEO CEO Divisional Manager Frozen Food Line Divisional Manager Frozen Food Line Divisional Manager Dried Food Line Divisional Manager Dried Food Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Divisional Manager Traditional Potato Line Supply / Purchase Manager Supply / Purchase Manager Design and Research Manager Design and Research Manager Production Manager Production Manager Sales amp; Distribution Manager Sales amp; Distribution Manager Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group Supply Group Supply Group Production Group Production Group Design / Research Group Design / Research Group

CSR Strengthens Corporate Reputation- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCSR Strengthens Corporate Reputation and Performance. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility makes corporate reputation stronger and helps companies to cater to more customers earning higher revenue. It refers to the responsibility of the corporate sector to act in compliance with law, ethics and sustainability. Salib et al., (2015) describes CSR as when the profit earning organisations transcend their profit making motives and act in ways to benefit the wellbeing of the entire society. The concept was conceived in the United States of America when the American companies adopted CSR on their own to acquire a positive social image and customer loyalty. Today CSR is no longer limited to the voluntary choice of the management and has grown in status. CSR is the outcome of the deterministic external business environment with the agency theory based strategies of the managements of the companies. For example, the Companies Act in India makes CSR mandatory for at least the PSUs and seeks to extend it to the private sector as well (Dhingra, Sarin Gi ll, 2015). The companies today view CSR as means to attract customer loyalty and retention and have made it an indispensible part of the business strategies. Their commitments to act towards the betterment of the society constitute the very missions and vision. CSR is a rich body of knowledge having contribution of several theories and literary sources. Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is a rich area of knowledge with enriched by several management theories. The richness CSR lies in the fact it embraces the entire society including the companies, stakeholders and management. Thus, CSR theories draw their strengths from stakeholder theory, organisation theory and management theories. There are two primary stages of CSR which have their own sets of theories. Traditional CSR theorists viewed it as a method of give back to the stakeholders. The brand image and public perception formed drivers of the organisational CSR which was merely donated to charities as token of social belongingness. The organisations merely distributed value and did not take any proactive role in social development on their own. The contemporary CSR has gone steps ahead where corporate are profit generating and distribution centres for the whole society. They proactively take part in charities and collaborate with organisations like the United Nations in the ir social development initiatives. Today, they actively take part in social development, water conservation and other environment development activities and are no longer mere donors. Contemporary CSR is very much a strategic business planning area which enjoys attention from the apex managers and incorporate components of external environment like law and consumer benefit. The CSR of the multinational companies appear on the official websites and even on the product packages. This help these companies to create higher image in the consumers minds which goes a long way in ensuring high revenue and performance of the companies(Ali, Frynas Mahmood, 2017). The organisations have recognised that they should work towards betterment of the groups who provide them with resources and impact their operation. These groups in a way known as stakeholders and their importance to the companies form the next CSR theory called the stakeholder theory. The stakeholders can be of various types depending on their functions and all of them play important role in ensuring high performances of the companies. The consumers who directly consume the products are the primary stakeholder whereas the government and the legal machinery are the key stakeholders. The management, shareholders and the employees are the internal stakeholders while the others are external stakeholders. Irrespective of their category all the stakeholders are parts of the society and the companies should act towards their benefit. Thus, stakeholders form parts of CSR and lack of benefit for one can attract action from the other affecting the companies. Researchers try to find how compan ies create value for the stakeholders (Bridoux Stoelhorst, 2014). The companies produce high quality goods and services to the customers at affordable prices which benefits them. The companies like Unilever manufacture high quality consumer goods which satisfies the need of the consumers. The company serves a global consumer base which generates huge revenue which leads to capital maximisation for the shareholders. The high market position of Unilever and the products with high brand value acts as securities for the investors which generates huge investment. Thus benefitting consumers attracts high revenue and market position. This in turn attracts investments and earns the company an enviable position in the stock market. Hence, following CSR and stakeholders theory helps a company perform both in the product market and stock market. A very important theory that is closely linked with CSR and corporate performance is sustainability theory. The companies use resources like financial and human resources from the society. They sell their products to the consumers who are parts of the society and earn revenue. Their operations like production processes in factories use non renewable fuel like coal which causes pollution and harms the health of the people. This requires the companies to operate in sustainable ways to reduce pollution owing their operations and contribute towards social wellbeing. The sustainability theory as a part of the CSR has two broad divisions, the strong sustainability model and the weak sustainability model. The strong sustainability model lays more importance to ecological goods like preservation of species to ensure sustenance of ecosystems. The weak approach has a more general approach like it may measure the value of the forests against the value of developments activities in future. The s tronger approach would have more specifically stressed on conservation of the forests (Jenkins, 2017). The researches on corporate social responsibility and relevant concepts like stakeholders show that they play significant role in ensuring high corporate performances. The companies today consider themselves to be members of the society and take their social impact very seriously. They source their raw materials and machines from sustainable sources to ensure that their products are also more environment friendly. The multinational companies like Nestle aim towards increasing their sales of organic products (nestleusa.com, 2017). Organic products cause less pollution and it finds ready acceptance in the market. In fact, the consumers agree buying organic products in spite of their higher prices compared to their inorganic counterparts. These organic products reward the farmers and cultivators with more revenue from sale. The farmers can practice more sustainable methods of farming like soil conservation and cleaner water harvest. The suppliers as a result are able to provide the comp anies with superior organic products. The customers prefer organic products because they contribute towards social betterment. This helps the companies to earn more revenue and perform better. Thus, corporate social responsibility and sustainable operations promotes high competitive advantages of the companies. They also contribute towards healthier relationship between the companies and their customers (Govindan et al., 2016). CSR is so crucial to the performance and reputation of companies that they form special committees dedicated to the area. The companies as a part of their CSR promotes social wellbeing which allows them to explore their innovative powers. Samsung, the Korean conglomerate is a global company present in diverse sectors like telecommunication and civil engineering. The company has set up Samsung Technical Program which provides vocational training courses for the youth (samsung.com, 2017). Such vocational training courses are innovative ways to provide education followed by employment. The multinational companies through their CSR encourage entrepreneurial ventures and generate employment opportunities. Research shows that entrepreneurship is integral to economic development and comnatting unemployment. Thus, the companies through their CSR encourage development of emerging markets by contributing towards entrepreneurial growth. This earns them high market position which generates reven ue. Thus CSR is integral towards positive image building and high revenue generation (Naud, 2013). The management theory of contingency states that companies have to take appropriate decisions to deal with contingent situation to minimise the loss. The companies today face continuous challenge from the external environment which requires them to take contingent measures. The United States Environmental Protection Agency fined $ 18 billion to Volkswagen in the United States for violating pollution norms (timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 2017). It is evident that such a huge amount of fines affects the finance of the company. This calls for taking of contingent measure to diversify the loss over the huge international market in which the company operates. A look at the CSR of the company shows that it is involved in several social development projects like partnership in education and donation to American Red Cross (volkswagenag.com, 2017). These CSR initiatives help the company to create positive image among the buyers. It allows the company to sell its automobile products and services to its customers all over the world. The global business allows Volkswagen to generate huge revenue to diversify its losses. Thus, CSR and strong market image is integral to taking contingency steps to diversify business losses. The scientific management theory of Taylor stresses on scientific management of resources to lead to efficient production. The theory emphasis on management of resources and personel towards efficient operation. It is a well known that the companies have to spend a lot of money to manage their wastes and biproducts. An enormous amount of waste and scrap indicate the inability of the company to utilise its full material resources and the amount of money spent to acquire it. The pollution from the waste and the fines borne thereby has bearing on the funds of the company. The factories are often subjected to protests from the local people and even government due to the pollution they create. All these activities disrupts the smooth production, causes business loss and erodes the reputation of the company. The companies like Pepsi, Renault and Unilever are often subject to these problems which render fatal blow to their goodwill. The companies can bring about innovation and manage their operations more scientifically to reduce their wastes. They management can use the saved amount towards other important operations like production and increasing the employee salary. This results in reduction of pollution and benefits the society, especially the people living around the sites. The increase in salary motivate the employees to better their performance. The governments and other bodies award the companies which elevates the goodwill and the market value of the company besides promotion the innovative power. The company is able to gain concessions and permits from governments both in its home countries and abroad. All these factors help the company to manage its production, human resources, supply chain, material resources and all round operations in more scientific ways. The increase in responsible attitutude towards the environment promotes goodwill which attracts both investors and customers. The company is able to amass huge wealth which helps it in strengthening it s market position. Such a company enjoys the trust and support of the stakeholders like customers, shareholders, governments and financial institutes. Thus, CSR helps a company to gain high market position and goodwill. CSR has become integral to goodwill and image building. The multinational companies give a huge importance to CSR to promote their social identity. These companies actively collaborate with government in activities like vocational training and health checkups to advertise their concern for the society. They promote to the development of suppliers like farmers by buying raw materials from them in return of right prices. They through their activities promote development of the entire society which in turn consumes their products. This interaction between the society and the corporate bodies forms the basis of flow of wealth in the world. Thus CSR helps the companies to build strong image and market position which allows them to help the economic development by maximising wealth. A quick reading of the composition shows that CSR is integral to high market position and goodwill creation. The term in smaller sense may look like mere corporate involvement in charity. A closer look and deeper shows that the concept embraces several other theories like management theories and stakeholder theory. CSR along with sustainability can help the companies to contribute towards development of the whole society and maximise its capital. It is this CSR which helps companies to operate on global scale, generate huge revenue and enjoy high market position. References: Ali, W., Frynas, J. G., Mahmood, Z. (2017). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure in Developed and Developing Countries: A Literature Review.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Bridoux, F., Stoelhorst, J. W. (2014). Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 107-125. Dhingra, N., Sarin, A., Gill, B. S. (2015). Dynamics Of Corporate Social Responsibility In India: An Analysis In The Backdrop Of The New Companies Act.International Journal of Research in Management Social Science,3(1), 15. Govindan, K., Seuring, S., Zhu, Q., Azevedo, S. G. (2016). Accelerating the transition towards sustainability dynamics into supply chain relationship management and governance structures.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, 1813-1823. Jenkins, W. (2017). Sustainability Theory (1st ed.). Yale Divinity School. Retrieved from https://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/sustainability/Spirit_SustainabilityTheory.pdf Management Approach | Volkswagen Sustainability Report 2014. (2017). Sustainabilityreport2014.volkswagenag.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://sustainabilityreport2014.volkswagenag.com/people/management-approach#/country/67/87 Naud, W. (2013). Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy.Browser Download This Paper. Nestl Nine-month Sales. (2017). https://www.nestleusa.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.nestleusa.com/media/pressreleases/nestl%C3%A9-nine-month-sales Salib, J., Sun, D., Wu, J., Wen, X., Huang, C. C. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. Samsung Electronics in India | Samsung Electronics | About Samsung. (2017). Samsung in. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://www.samsung.com/in/aboutsamsung/samsungelectronics/india/csr-policy/ Volkswagen faces $18 billion in fines for pollution in US - Times of India. (2017). The Times of India. Retrieved 11 May 2017, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/Volkswagen-faces-18-billion-in-fines-for-pollution-in-US/articleshow/49026339.cms

The Rhetorical Analysis Essay Intro Sample

The Rhetorical Analysis Essay Intro SampleThere are numerous reasons why an individual who desires to get into the medical profession would want to create a good curriculum for their essay on the rhetorical analysis essay intro sample. This will allow them to engage in such a field and learn a new language that is used as an analytical method.The great thing about this type of writing is that it can be applied in virtually any situation. It allows you to highlight specific points or take a look at an entire work of art. In addition, they are great because of the use of the alternative sentences that focus on the negative aspect of a topic. The primary reason that allows you to write this type of essay is that you are expressing your opinion and therefore need to find out what is the best way to express it.One thing to keep in mind is that when writing such an essay, you need to find out what your own style is. You have to find out if you are the kind of person who likes to write thes e types of essays. If you do, then you can be certain that you will write something that will be able to make a difference in the medical field.There are several strategies that you can use to create a good essay. However, the easiest and most basic strategy that you will need to keep in mind is to focus on the facts and speak about them in an interesting way.One thing that you will want to keep in mind as you write the rhetorical analysis essay intro sample is that you need to stick to the topic that you want to explore. You also need to stay away from using harsh words and express a clear and concise message. It is also important that you keep the idea simple so that it is not overwhelming.By sticking to the descriptive style of writing, you will be able to express your thoughts and ideas more clearly. You need to focus on your story and the story that you want to tell. This can be done by using paragraphs, some of which can contain different types of sentences.By keeping these ti ps in mind, you will be able to write something that is impressive and can give people a better idea of what the medical profession is all about. Not only will you be able to give a good introduction for your chosen field, but you will also be able to find a job in this field if you are interested.

Retailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction Essay Example

Retailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction Essay â€Å"Retailing characteristics of fast food stores and their impact on customer sales and satisfaction† By:- Rajul Bhardwaj Lecturer, Faculty of Management Studies, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar(Uttarakhand), India Table Of Contents:- ?Chap-1 Introduction 1. 1Global Retailing Industry.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 2 The Far East Experience.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 3 The Changing Food Retailing sector in Asia.. 1. 4Recognition of a Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 5Objectives of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ?Chap-2 Literature Review 2. 1 Passage to India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. Food Retailing in India. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 3Useful Information regarding McDonald’s Corporation†¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 2. 4Useful Information regarding Pizzahut Inc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 5 Useful Information regarding Domino’s Inc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Chap-3 Research Framework and Methodology 3. 1Research purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 2 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. 3Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 4Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 5Factor Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ?Chap-4 Result and Interpretation 4. 1Interpretation of Result†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ?Chap-5 Suggestions and Managerial Implicati ons ?Chap-6 Limitations of the study References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter 1 Introduction (Global Retailing Industry) 1. 1Global Retailing Industry 1. 2 The Far East Experience 1. 3 The Changing Food Retailing sector in Asia 1. 4Recognition of a Problem 1. 5Objectives of the study INTRODUCTION: 1. 1 GLOBAL RETAILING INDUSTRY: The latter half of the 20th Century, in both Europe and North America, has seen the emergence of the supermarket as the dominant grocery retail form. The reasons why supermarkets have come to dominate food retailing are not hard to find. The search for convenience in food shopping and consumption, coupled to car ownership, led to the birth of the supermarket. As incomes rose and shoppers sought both convenience and new tastes and stimulation, supermarkets were able to expand the products offered. The invention of the bar code allowed a store to manage thousands of items and their prices and led to just-in-time store replenishment and the ability to carry tens of thousands of individual items. Computer-operated depots and logistical systems integrated store replenishment with consumer demand in a single electronic system. The superstore was born. On the Global Retail Stage, little has remained the same over the last decade. One of the few similarities with today is that Wal-Mart was ranked the top retailer in the world then and it still holds that distinction. Other than Wal-Mart’s dominance, there’s little about today’s environment that looks like the mid-1990s. The global economy has changed, consumer demand has shifted, and retailers’ operating systems today are infused with ar more technology than was the case six years ago. Saturated home markets, fierce competition and restrictive legislation have relentlessly pushed major food retailers into the globalization mode. Since the mid-1990s, numerous governments have opened up their economies as well, to the free markets and foreign investment that has been a plus for many a retailer. However, a more near-term concern, has been the global economic slowdown that has resulted from dramatic cutback in corporate IT and other types of capital spending. We will write a custom essay sample on Retailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Retailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Retailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consumers themselves have become much more price sensitive and conservative in their buying, particularly in the more advanced economies. From an operational point of view, active practitioners have voiced their opinion that retailer concerns in 2003 have turned to deflation, lack of pricing power, global over-capacity, low interest rates, economic stagnation, slump in world tourism and declining consumer confidence. But, even before the global economic slowdown that forced retailers into monitoring costs more effectively, technological advances were a way of life in retail organizations. Technology has become the real enabler for retailers over the last six years. Supply chain innovations for retailers were particularly strong in the second half of the 1990s and have continued into today. With all the emphasis on technology and cost-cutting, a major thrust of retailers continues to be demand-based: finding new markets through globalization efforts. Four years ago, more than half (53 per cent) of the top 200 retailers operated in only one country. Today, only 44 per cent remain single-country merchants. This globalization trend can only intensify in the years ahead. The benefits of increased sales and greater economies of scale are too large to be ignored. where the world wide retail sales alone is valued at $ 7 trillion . The top 200 retailers alone account for 30% of worldwide demand. Retail sales being generally driven by people’s ability (disposable income) and willingness (consumer confidence) to buy, compliments the fact that the money spent on household consumption worldwide increased 68% between 1980 and 2003. The leader has in-disputably been the USA where some two-thirds or $ 6. 6 trillions out of the $ 10 trillions American economy is consumer spending. About 40% of that ($ 3 trillions) is spending on discretionary products and services. Retail turnover in the EU is approximately Euros 2000 billion and the sector average growth looks to be following an upward pattern. The Asian economies (excluding Japan) are expected to grow at 6% consistently till 2005-06. Positive forces at work in retail consumer markets today include high rates of personal expenditures, low interest rates, low unemployment and very low inflation. Negative factors that hold retail sales back involve weakening consumer confidence. 1. 2 The Far East Experience The Food Retail Industry in the Far East has evolved into what could be called ‘the breeding ground’ for emerging models with countries like Singapore being the home to some of the big players in the industry in these parts of the world. The presence of all the major players of the retailing industry is found in Singapore. Singapore has 2 hypermarkets, one run by Carrefour and the other by Giant Hypermarket, part of Dairy Farm International. According to the government, there are slightly more than 11,000 market stalls operating in 150 markets located all across Singapore Island. The markets further spread to China, Thailand, and Malaysia thanks to the major support that the local governments provided in creating the necessary regulatory framework in establishing their presence. Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand not only fueled the retail industry within the country, but also attracted hordes of tourists to experience the shopping â€Å"experiences† that they created in these islands. The markets are now saturated with no additional space for a new entrant and are expected to consolidate within the next few years. Apart from Singapore, which is a more recent development, Japan enjoys an active spot on the retailers’ map. The retail industry is as huge as US$ 1088 Billion, with a split of US$ 594. 8 Billion in the non-food segment and US$ 493. 2 Billion in the food-retailing sector. The leaders in sales are Ito-Yokado, Aeon, Daiei, Takashimaya, and Uny, in that order. Several retailers, however, have made recent improvements in their warehousing and distribution technologies to make their presence felt in the Japanese market. Convenience stores, which are small and suitable in a country where land is very expensive, continue to do well. Food, in fact, has been one of the few sectors that have experienced growth over the last several years. A period of shake up in the industry is likely now that Wal-Mart has entered Japan. Numerous smaller, less efficient retailers may become takeover targets. The entire Japanese retail sector will likely undergo some form of restructuring over the next decade as a result of overcapacity, dismal profits and the Wal-Mart factor. In Mainland China, the retail markets have mushroomed over the years of intense economic development to a very considerable size. The total volume of retail sales for consumer goods and food increased by 10. 6 percent in China over the last couple of years which shows tremendous growth. Consumer spending has held strong. A decade ago, the top five retail enterprises in China were all traditional merchandise companies, but now the top five are mainly supermarkets and chain stores. The world is enamored with China’s potential and opportunities. But in medium-sized and small cities and rural areas, traditional retailing methods, such as department stores and local retailing networks, will be sufficient, as consumption is lower. In Indonesia, Wet markets and supermarkets remained the major distribution channels for food products. Although these retail sub-sectors also offered non-food products, such as household goods, food products remained dominant in terms of the number of items. Wet markets’ distribution of food products tended to be much greater than non-food as these retail channels mainly provided fresh produce. Conversely, supermarkets had an almost equal distribution, with food taking up the greater proportion. On the other hand, the distribution of non-food products benefited from both food and non-food retailers. For example, some food retail formats offered non-food items, such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience stores. These retail outlets provided some basic non-food products, such as toothpaste, soap, or detergent. However, non-food retail outlets rarely provided food items, except certain department stores or druggists. In Malaysia, a majority of food retailer outlets offer food and non-food items, with at least a 70:30 distribution. The traditional food distribution system in Thailand is through so-called wet markets which sell fruits, vegetables, meat and fish, together with small mom and pop food stores which distribute dry goods. However, the apid growth of the economy, particularly during the decade before the financial crisis began, has led to dramatic changes in the structure of the food-retailing sector. Modern supermarkets, superstores, hypermarkets and convenience stores developed at breakneck pace to service the growing middle class with their demand for more sophisticated food stores and a greater variety of products many of which were imported. 1. 3 The changing food retail sector i n Asia In much of Western Europe and in North America, supermarkets and hypermarkets now account for well over two-thirds of all food retailing. This dominance is also seen in other areas of the developing world, such as in Latin America and South Africa, where supermarkets control 50 to 60 percent of the food retail sector . There has certainly be en a rapid growth in the role of supermarkets in almost all parts of the world although measuring the exact market shares is complicated by a lack of reliable data and difficulties in defining exactly what is meant by â€Å"supermarket†. It is particularly difficult to obtain information on the market share of fresh produce being sold by supermarkets. While the quantities sold by supermarkets c an be accurately calculated, it is almost impossible in most countries to know the quantities of fruits and vegetables being sold through traditional marketing channels. Supermarket growth around the world has, in part, resulted from the considerable competition between supermarket chains, particularly in the United States and Europe. In the West this competition has led to increased supermarket share by the squeezing out of smaller, less efficient retailers. Chains in developed countries have responded to the impact of fierce domestic competition on margins by seeking opportunities overseas, a move that has be en helped by the liberalization in many countries of rules relating to Foreign Direct Investment. Reliable information on developments in Asia is not always easy to obtain. In some countries this difficulty stems from the previously noted problem of defining what is meant by a supermarket. In other countries there are no agencies to collect accurate data. Nevertheless, it is clear that there has been a significant growth both in the number of supermarkets and convenience stores and in the role of multinational chains such as Carrefour and Tesco. Developments have not been driven only by international companies; the past decade has also witnessed the emergence of national chains of some significance. Care must be taken in drawing conclusions about the impact of these trends on the fresh produce sector. Firstly, retail sales do not equate to total consumption. Institutions bypass the retail sector, as do caterers, although in some Asian countries supermarket-style cash-and-carry wholesale chains, such as Metro and Mako, which handle fresh produce and supply the catering sector, are beginning to develop. Secondly, the growth in sales by supermarkets of fresh fruits and vegetables tends to lag behind the growth in sales of processed food products. The logistics of fresh produce supply are much more complicated than they are for dry goods and thus take supermarket chains much longer to organize. Thirdly, while there has certainly been growth in fresh produce marketing by Asian supermarkets, imported produce accounts for a significant proportion of their fruit and vegetable sales. Furthermore, supermarket supply chains for domestically grown produce may be relatively easy to develop for produce that is less perishable, such as watermelons, but much more difficult for produce that has a limited shelf life and/or requires cold chains. Indeed, many smaller supermarkets stock only those products that have a long shelf life. Lacking detailed information on the importance of supermarkets for different fruit and vegetable categories, it is not yet possible to fully assess the implications of supermarket growth for domestic producers. The following discussion should be considered with this in mind. Growth of hypermarkets and convenience stores Various modern retail outlets, including conventional supermarkets, hypermarkets, discount stores, convenience stores and department store s, have been developed. Different definitions are used for the size of various retail utlets and it is possible that a hypermarket in one country may be considered as a conventional supermarket in another. For example, in Malaysia, which has recently adopted the standards of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), a convenience store is considered smaller than 500 m2, a conventional supermarket is between 500 and 2 000 m2, a superstore is between 2000 and 5000 m2, and a hypermarket is above 5 000 m2 . In China, a size above 10 000 m2 is considered to be a hypermarket. Though conventional supermarkets are still very important in most countries, there has been a trend toward increased penetration of large hypermarkets and small convenience stores. In China, 40 percent of urban shoppers already claim to spend more in hypermarkets than elsewhere. Japan leads the way in the development of convenience stores. Local convenience stores still have plenty of room for development and offer a significant threat to the traditional grocery store. For example, Tops in Thailand moved to counter the impact of giants such as Carrefour (with 21 supermarkets in Thailand) and Tesco Lotus (a joint venture of Tesco UK, and the CP Group of Thailand with around 50 supermarkets and hypermarkets) by finding new niches, such as smaller outlets in inner-city areas that combine the features of convenience stores and supermarkets. Tops now has 48 stores. Tesco Lotus opened some of its 31 Express stores in partnership with ESSO. Higher growth for packaged produce W hen discussing the implications of modern trade for food, it is, as noted, important to make a distinction between packaged groceries and fresh produce. Fresh produce sales in supermarkets are much lower than packaged produce sales. In the case of packaged grocery sales, the share of sales by modern self-service stores in Asia grew by around 3 percent a year for the period from 1999 to 2002 (ACNielsen, 2003). It grew by 0. 8 percent and 2. 2 percent during 2002 in Thailand and Malaysia, respectively, while supermarkets in China led the way, gaining 5 percent. Excluding Japan, a typical Asian urban consumer purchases about 40 percent of his or her packaged groceries from modern self-service stores (ACNielsen, 2003). It should be noted that available statistics relate mainly to urban markets and the percentage s quoted are higher than those for the countries as a whole. The move to purchase packaged groceries at modern self-service stores is taking place in Asian urban areas, but the pace at which this is happening varies greatly because of different stages of economic development. For example, in Viet Nam, traditional stores account for more than 80 percent of sales even in the main cities, while in Hong Kong and Singapore, the share of trade for these outlets is less than 20 percent. Consumers still prefer traditional outlets for fresh food Recognizing the importance of selling fresh food in order to attract customers, modern self-service store s have made significant progress in improving their supply and display of fresh produce. The results have been mixed. A large percentage of consumers in Asia still prefers traditional markets for fruits and vegetables. ACNielsen (2003) reports that in most Asian countries between 80 and 90 percent of urban shoppers use wet markets regularly. Only in Japan and the Republic of Korea do less than 50 percent of urban shoppers use them on a regular basis. Malaysia is probably the country where the trend is most advanced. Available data suggest that supermarkets and hypermarkets accounted for 60 percent of fruit sales and 35 percent of vegetable sales in 2002, although this may be an exaggeration. Not far behind is Thailand where 40 percent of fruits and 30 percent of vegetables were sold through supermarkets and hypermarkets in the Bangkok area, but a lower percentage in the context of the country as a whole. In the Philippines 15 percent of vegetables are said to be sold through supermarkets in Metro Manila but a smaller percentage in the country as a whole (Digal and Concepcion, 2004). In the Republic of Korea there has been a rapid growth in hypermarkets since 1993 but, even so, such stores still account for only 11 percent of fresh produce sales. In China, less than 10 percent of fruits and vegetables were sold through supermarkets in 2002. However, the rate of supermarket growth continues to be rapid. Thus most households continue to buy fruits and vegetables from raditional retailers even though they may use supermarkets for other products. The perception, and possibly the reality, is that wet market supplies are fresher and often cheaper. This is recognized by one chain in Thailand that focuses on fresh produce and aims to create stores that resemble â€Å"shopping at the wet market near home† Unless a consumer happens to live close to a supermarket, wet markets are also mor e convenient for consumers accustomed to walking to make daily purchases of fruits and vegetables. Supermarkets often lack a sufficient range of horticultural produce to encourage consumers to switch from wet markets, particularly outside the major cities (Digal and Concepcion, 2004). Nevertheless, they continue to make inroads because of their competitive prices, more reliable if not better quality and the fact that they offer â€Å"one-stop† shopping. Supermarkets have also to some extent benefited from government regulations attempting to control hygiene and congestion in traditional markets, for example, in China and Viet Nam. Supermarkets have started to spread to towns In gene ral there has been a trend for supermarkets, which until rec ently occupied only a small niche in capital cities and served only the rich and upper middle class, to spread well beyond cities in order to penetrate into the mass food markets. They have spread from big cities to intermediate towns and then to small towns. ACNielsen’s recent studies show the staggering development of modern trade across China’s key cities in 2002. There has been increased penetration of chain store operations and supermarkets in non-metropolitan areas. In Thailand, for example, supermarkets were until recently centered in Bangkok but the trend has been to move to other provinces. With more than 100 hypermarkets in Bangkok, there is little room left for further expansion. The chains are looking up-country for outlet expansion be cause provincial outlet sales have been growing four time s faster than sales in Bangkok. At present, however, in the poor states or provinces, and in most rural areas of Thailand, Malaysia and China, supermarkets are still rare . Given that supermarket growth is driven by urbanization and per caput income levels, countries with low rates of urbanization and/or low income levels are likely to witness only slow growth. In Bangladesh, for example, the few supermarkets in Dhaka and Chittagong cater primarily to expatriates and the urban elite; this is unlikely to change rapidly given the lack of purchasing power and the unavailability of suitable transport for the bulk of the population. Time remains for more traditional marketing chains to adapt and for policy-makers to formulate policies to assist farmers in working with the supermarket sector. In these countries, the provision of basic marketing support services and infrastructure to improve marketing must be addressed. Increased consolidation in the retail sector Consolidation has taken place mainly through foreign acquisition of local chains and by larger domestic chains absorbing smaller chains and independents. Smaller supermarkets have been forced to reposition themselves to focus on niche markets. Japan-based Seiyu Supermarkets, for example, sold its business to Tops in Thailand, while Tops sold its business in Malaysia to Giant. The two largest domestic supermarket chains in China (Hualian and LianHua) merged in 2002 to become the largest retailer in the country with around 2700 supermarkets and convenience stores. However, while further consolidation is inevitable, the retail trade still remains fragmented in most Asian countries. Share of total sales for the top five chains is 2 percent, 25 percent and 15 percent for China, Thailand and Malaysia respectively. Key drivers of the changes : Many factors contribute to the changing food distribution systems in Asia, both on the demand and supply sides. These include: Income growth with increasing urbanization: Except in Japan, real per caput income growth occurred in many Asian countries during the 1990s, along with the rapid rise of the middle class. This is the main factor behind the growing demand for processed foods. The rapid increase in the number of people owning refrigerators induced a shift from daily shopping in traditional retail outlets to weekly shopping in modern self-service stores. The increasing number of motor vehicle owners prompted larger volume grocery shopping at more distant locations. Changing consumer preferences:- Consumers are changing. The entry of women into the workforce outside of the home has increased the opportunity cost of women’s time and their incentive to seek one-stop, fast, convenient, and value-for-money grocery shopping. Because of the increased problems with food safety, consumers have placed greater importance on this issue. Quality and safety standards are perceived as being better in modern stores. The importance of food safety and quality standards and of their incorporation into marketing strategies is growing in both international and domestic markets. There are also rising concerns about food wholesomeness. Supermarkets tend to have superior product shelf life through the availability of cold storage and refrigeration. Changing consumer eating habbits:- W ith more women working and families travelling greater distances between home and work, there is a definite increase in the demand for proc essed foods and easy-to-prepare meals that are found in modern supermarkets. Increased Infrastructure development: The development of supermarket chains in Asia has been partially spurred by infrastructure development, such as highways, retail technology and logistics. Logistics technology and inventory management for retail procurement (efficient consumer response , a zero inventory concept, category management, use of Internet and computers for inventory control and supplier-retailer coordination) were revolutionized in the 1990s. This was led by global chains and is diffusing into developing regions of Asia through knowledge transfer and imitation and innovation by domestic supermarket chains. The development enabled chain stores to build their own distribution centers and to accommodate a high volume of direct shipments from producers under central inventory control. Importantly, stores should be able to forecast daily sales with a considerable degree of accuracy , thus reducing wastage levels. Low margins and high competition: Multinational chains arrived in Asia with many years of experience and development in the very competitive environments of their respective countries. Their extensive experience included modern technologies and know-how regarding supply chain management, procurement arrangements, stock optimization, quality standards control, cold storage maintenance, product handling, shelf-life preservation, and consumer services. Consumers enthusiastically received the unprecedented services and quality provided by these new chains. The competition forced local firms to enhance their services and efficiency, generating a chain reaction of improved services and modernization throughout the grocery sector. Competition among retailers is fierce. Asian agri-food distribution companies are aiming to lift competitive ness, and the phrase â€Å"drive costs out of the system† has been used widely in the retail industry. Supermarket chains are constantly seeking substantial savings through efficiency gains, economies of scale, and coordinated cost reductions. Furthermore, with the number of modern trade stores growing faster than total sales, as is the case in China, the share of trade for an individual retailer is actually in decline. At the same time, consumer loyalty to individual stores is low. Shoppers in China continue to switch between outlets, including the wet markets. As a result, all supermarkets appear to be extremely price conscious. Demographic, cultural and social changes:- The percentage of young people in the population of Asia is increasing. A westernization of lifestyles is also increasing, particularly among younger people. Changes in family structure in Asia are being witnessed, with a growing number of nuclear families and one-person households, as opposed to extended families. Finally, there has been an upward trend in the use of credit cards, which are rarely accepted by corner shops or traditional wet markets in developing countries. All of these factors have contributed to the attractiveness of supermarkets to consumers. Increased travel:- More travel has exposed people to modern retailing techniques in the United States and parts of Europe, to a wider range of products and, particularly for fresh fruits and vegetables, to the possibility of being able to consume many out-of-season products. 1. 4 RECOGNITION OF A PROBLEM Food retailers recognize that consumer satisfaction (CS) plays a key role in a successful business strategy. What is unclear is the exact nature of that role, how precisely satisfaction should be managed, and whether managerial efforts aimed at increasing satisfaction lead to higher store sales. Today, managers in the food retail sector undertake substantial efforts to conduct CS surveys. Yet it appears that in most cases the data are used to simply monitor specific store attributes, and especially overall satisfaction, over time. Unless the impact of consumer satisfaction on store revenues is assessed, managers have little basis for allocation of resources. In general, the linkages between drivers of consumer satisfaction and sales performance have not been firmly established in the food industry. For the estimation of these linkages, recent research indicates that several issues must be addressed We measure the links between attribute perceptions and consumer satisfaction, and between consumer satisfaction and sales performance, in the food retail sector. The study relies upon an extensive data set comprised of five waves of consumer satisfaction and sales information from approximately 180 consumers. We construct a hypothesis in first differences that addresses the inherent nonlinearities and asymmetries in these links. We also provide an example of how firms can use the estimated linkages to develop satisfaction policies that are predicted to increase store revenues. Our study makes three contributions to the literature, one methodological and two substantive. First, we examine nonlinearities and asymmetries in the satisfaction-sales performance links based on an empirical model expressed in first differences. Second, the study advances the measurement of behavioral links between consumer satisfaction and performance in the food retail sector with firm-specific data. Third, our study shows how firms can employ such results to develop appropriate consumer satisfaction policies. Many retailers suffer from a variety of problems and difficulties . These can be classified as : A) Inadequacies in the trading environment (e. g. economic and social change, competition from multiple retailers); B) Inadequacies in the retail form (e. g. operating costs, investment capital availability, supply problems); C) Inadequacies in management (e. g. management expertise and techniques). ther prominent problems with Indian Food retailers are:- 1)Retailers are facing high degree of competition these days as there are several retail outlet of the same food product in metropolitan cities, so retailers are not only facing competition from other food product outlet but they are facing a stiff competition from his own counterpart also.. 2)Due to increased literacy rate and widespread of media, customers are extra aware about the food products as well as the ingredients an d promotion schemes given by different retailers. )Many customers want to eat those food products which are of foreign origin but with Indian ingredients (According to their customs and traditions). 4)Young generation is a big consumer of fast food these days. They want to take fast food from those retail outlets where they can eat those products with their friends and can also get the Home delivery of the same, so to meet these requirements of young customers, retailers have to invest more in their retail outlets. 5)Rapidly changing tastes of customers due to increased marketing and advertising . 1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Objective 1:- To study the relationship between store attribute perceptions and consumer satisfaction. Objective 2:- To examine non – linearities and asymmetric affects in the satisfaction – sales performance links based on mathematical empirical study . Objective 3:- Measurement of behavioral links between customer satisfaction and performance in fo od retail sector. Objective 4:- How firms can employ such results to develop appropriate customer satisfaction policies. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2. 1Passage to India 2. 2Food Retailing in India 2. Useful Information regarding McDonald’s Corporation 2. 4Useful Information regarding Pizzahut Inc. 2. 5Useful Information regarding Domino’s Inc. LITERATURE REVIEW Our study focuses on the relations between attribute perceptions, overall customer satisfaction and store sales performance. Such links are part of a broader conceptual framework proposed by Heskett et al. (1994), namely the Service-Profit Chain. Anderson and Mittal (2000) strengthened this framework by accommodating nonlinearities and asymmetries in the links, and they renamed it the Satisfaction-Profit Chain. Hereafter we use the acronym CSSP, Customer Satisfaction-Sales Performance, to refer to the links of interest. To capture the relationship between attribute perceptions and overall customer satisfaction, we must identify how customers interpret and respond to the products and services they buy and experience. Here it is essential to distinguish between specific attributes of a product or a service and the satisfaction factor they represent. In food retailing, for instance, consumers may put high value on a factor that might be called â€Å"customer service† provided by the supermarket. This is an example of an abstract or subjective benefit. This abstract benefit depends on a set of related measurable attributes such as the disposition of the cashiers and sales associates, speed and accuracy of checkout, and availability of everyday grocery items and store cleanliness, among others. In addition to customer service, other relevant factors affecting overall customer satisfaction in grocery stores include the store ambiance, the perceived roduct quality of (growing) perishables departmentsnow 50 percent or more of store sales in some storessuch as fresh produce, deli/bakery, seafood, fresh meat and floral, as well as the perceived value of products relative to their price. These links have been the subject of intense scrutiny by marketing researchers. Since the seminal behavior-oriented research by Oliver (1981), several articles have focused on the antecedents of customer satisfaction in a wide variety of contexts, ranging from firm-specific studies to nation-wide as sessments. Although satisfaction factors vary according to the type of products, services and business sectors considered, empirical studies provide vast evidence of their impact on overall satisfaction (e. g. Szymansky and Henard 2001). Most studies on antecedents of customer satisfaction utilize models reviewed by Johnson (1998) and show significant correlation between various satisfaction factors and overall satisfaction (Szymansky and Henard 2001; Bernhardt, Donthu and Kennett 2000; Mittal, Ross and Baldasare 1998; Wittink and Bayer 1994). In general, these studies tend to collect information on consumer ratings of specific attributes. Often, multivariate statistical models are constructed to identify latent variables representing satisfaction factors (e. g. Johnson and Gustafsson 2000; Johnson 1998; Fornell et al. 1996; Bolton and Drew 1991). In the majority of past research, overall customer satisfaction is then modeled as a linear function of these latent variables. Much recent research, however, is critical of the incomplete treatment of the CSSP links, and researchers call for more elaborate analysis (e. g. , Anderson and Mittal 2000). Addressing the Consequences of Customer Satisfaction Unlike the antecedents of satisfied customers, the consequences of satisfied (or dissatisfied) customers have received little attention from researchers (Szymanski and Henard 2001). Perhaps the first study was the pioneering research conducted by Zahorik and Rust (1992) on the consequences of customer satisfaction. Their work included a mathematical framework to evaluate the financial value of satisfaction (Rust and Zahorik 1993) based on the effect of satisfaction on customer retention, and the subsequent impact on market share. Anderson and Sullivan (1993) addressed the simultaneous estimation of the antecedents to and consequences of customer satisfaction, with data from more than twenty thousand Swedish consumers patronizing a hundred or so Swedish companies. Their model identifies factors that determine customer satisfaction, which in turn have a positive association with financial performance. Perhaps the most important contribution of this work is the identification of asymmetries in the linkages between disconfirmation of expectations and customer satisfaction. After Anderson and Sullivan (1993) , several studies have examined the relationships in the Satisfaction-Profit (or Service- Profit) Chain with data from a variety of channels (c. f. , Kamakura et al. , 2002; Scharitzer and Kollarits 2000; Soteriou and Zenios, 1999; Johnson 1998; Loveman 1998; Anderson, Fornell and Lehmann 1994). Mittal, Ross and Baldasare (1998) and Anderson and Mittal (2000) point out that, for the most part, earlier research ignored nonlinearities and asymmetries in the links of the CSSP chain. They maintain that the relationships in the CSSP chain are far more complex than originally postulated and, specifically, that linear models are insufficient. To illustrate the asymmetry concept, consider the quality of the produce department and the friendliness of cashiers in a supermarket. Stronger consumer evaluations of the quality of the produce department might not imply strongly positive effects on customer satisfaction, while weaker quality might be quite damaging. Or, improvements in customer-oriented dispositions of cashiers and associates could have a large positive impact on customer satisfaction while reductions in cashier performance may be only mildly negative. Now consider the potential role of nonlinearity in the link between customer satisfaction and sales performance. A retail store with low current levels of customer satisfaction may require only small investments in satisfaction drivers to improve sales performance. In contrast, a store with high current levels of satisfaction is likely to need a much larger investment in drivers to produce impacts on performance of a similar magnitude. Ignoring relevant nonlinearities and asymmetries inevitably leads to incorrect estimates of the linkages in the CSSP chain. Furthermore, if the results of CSSP chain research are to be adopted by retail managers, incorrect measures are certain to lead to incorrect strategy formulation thus dooming further strategic use of satisfaction data. Bernhardt, Donthu and Kennett (2000) suggest that another pitfall of many satisfaction studies is the tendency to rely on cross sectional analysis for statistical inference (Anderson, Fornell and Lehmann 1994, provides an exception). Bernhardt, Donthu and Kennett argue that a proper analysis of the links between satisfaction and performance requires a dynamic approach. This argument echoes Rust and Zahorik’s (1993) contention that efforts to improve customer satisfaction must be financially accountable over time. Bernhardt, Donthu and Kennett (2000) study customer satisfaction in a fast-food chain based on monthly data. Although based on simple correlations, the study shows that a dynamic model outperforms a cross-sectional model in the examination of the CSSP links. Extant research has focused primarily on the CSSP links at the aggregate level and for selected sectors such as telecommunications, banking, healthcare, automobile and pharmaceuticals, among others (cf. , Anderson and Fornell 2000; Scharitzer and Kollarits 2000; Mittal, Ross and Baldasare 1998; Bryant and Cha 1996; Anderson, Fornell and Lehmann 1994). Conversely, only a few firm-specific CSSP assessments have been conducted. Examples include fast-food restaurants (Bernhardt, Donthu and Kennett 2000) and department stores (Rucci, Kirn and Quinn 1998) . Anderson and Mittal (2000) discuss several examples where the incorporation of non-linearities and asymmetries added significant value to a firms understanding of the CSSP links. It is especially desirable to use firm-specific data so the linkages between satisfaction and performance are examined in the context of a firm’s strategy. We note that academic research on the CSSP linkages in the food retail sector is scarce. Practically all empirical investigations on food retailing, in the U. S. as well as internationally, address the drivers of customer satisfaction but do not address their ultimate impact on store revenues. Among the drivers often identified are: perceived value of products relative to their prices, staff friendliness and willingness to help, quality and freshness of products, store appearance, and the degree of customer service (cf. , Jin and Jai-Ok 2001; Hackl, Scharitzer and Zuba 2000 ; Gail and Scott 1995). However, while the drivers of satisfaction are known qualitatively, and managers believe that satisfaction affects performance, it is necessary to measure explicitly the impact of satisfaction on store sales in order to prioritize strategies to manage the drivers of atisfaction. This study advances the measurement of the behavioral links in the CSSP Chain in the food retail sector. We link attribute perceptions, overall satisfaction, and store sales, and we allow for nonlinear and asymmetric effects. We specify the model in first differences and we allow for time lags between changes in satisfaction and changes in store sales performance. We also provide an example to show how ma nagers can use the results to develop appropriate customer satisfaction policies. 2. FOOD RETAILING: FAST FOOD INDUSTRY IN INDIA The concept of fast food isnt new. Early in the 19th century, at the start of the Industrial Age when people had to work 12 to 14 hours a day, there was scarcely any time for long breaks for eating. The first snack bars and kiosks arose in front of factories. Today, quick meals outside the home have become an essential part of our lifestyle. The term fast food means just that. However, the boundary between fast foods and traditional dishes is fluid. In particular, its difficult to provide a qualitative distinction because fast foods can also include salads and fruit in addition to classic offerings such as hamburgers, hot dogs, sandwiches, patties, French-fries, fish and chips, etc. The best way to distinguish fast foods is to use formal characteristics: Time required those who eat fast foods do not want to spend a lot of time selecting and eating, and if necessary will eat standing or walking, on the bus, park bench, or at work. The variety of foods and beverages is usually very limited Fast food frequently does not come with knives and forks, making it finger food. When silverware, cups and plates are necessary, they are disposable. The characteristics of fast food, therefore, are that they require little time, offer a limited selection, are finger food, and the silverware and plates are disposable. These characteristics readily illustrate the difference from traditional dining culture. Many people equate fast foods with conv enience foods. This is incorrect since convenience products are often eaten at home. They require active participation because they must be heated, stirred, baked, thawed, etc. , and are supplemented with other foods. There are three eneral categories of fast food businesses: Self-service restaurants with a fast-food palette like McDonalds, Wendys, Burger King, Pizza Hut, etc. Take-out (or take-away) businesses that sell ready-to-eat foods and beverages on the street corner Hot-dog stands and snack stands with counters or a pair of stand-up tables. FAST FOOD INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Fast food is a food prepared and served quickly at a fast food restaurant or a shop. It is served usually in a carton or bags in order to minimize cost. Fast food outlets often provide take away or take out foods in addition to sit down services. Fast food is a multi billion industry continuing to grow at a rapid pace in coming years. Fast food is often highly processed and prepared in an industrial fashion i. e. , with standard ingredient, methodical cooking and production methods. THE START OF FAST FOOD CULTURE The concept of fast food pops up during 1920s. The 1950s first witnessed their rapid proliferation. Several factors that contributed to this explosive growth in 50’s were: (1) America’s love affair with the automobiles. (2) The construction of a major new highway system. (3) The development of sub-urban communities. 4) The baby boom subsequent to world war second. â€Å"Fast-food chains initially catered to automobile owners in suburbia. The notion of fast food reflected American culture in which speed and efficiency are highly prized. † INDIA – EMERGING MARKET FOR GLOBAL PLAYERS The percentage share held by foodservice of total consumer expenditure on food has increased from a very low ba se to stand at 2. 6% in 2001. Eating at home remains very much ingrained in Indian culture and changes in eating habits are very slow moving with barriers to eating out entrenched in certain sectors of Indian society. Traditionally, eating out was looked down upon in Indian society. The growth in nuclear families, particularly in urban India, exposure to global media and Western cuisine and an increasing number of women joining the workforce have had an impact on eating out trends. Increasingly, eating out is becoming synonymous with entertainment. And very often, it is preferred as a time-saving option to cooking. Not surprisingly, takeaways are becoming increasingly popular India is among the top three countries globally having highest number of people in the spending capacities in the age group of 25-49 yrs. India is placed at the second rank in the 2004 global retail development index an annual ranking of retail investment attractiveness among 30 emerging markets. The lack of consolidation and model retail concepts in India presents better opportunity to global players. Over 400 shopping malls, multiplexes, fast food giants, restaurants etc. are in planning or construction stage across the country FACTS AND FIGURES Fast food is one of the worlds largest growing food type. India’s fast food industry is growing by 40% a year and is expected to generate a billion dollars in sales by 2005. The multinational segment of Indian fast food industry is up to Rs. 6 bn, a figure expected to zoom to Rs. 70 bn by 2005. By 2005, the value of Indian dairy products is expected to be Rs. 1, 00,000 million. In last 6 years, foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs. 3600 million which is about one-fourth of total investment made in this sector. Because of the availability of raw material for fast food, Global chains are flooding into the country. MARKET SIZE MAJOR PLAYERS ?Dominated by McDonalds having as many as 75 outlets. Domino’s pizza is present in around 100 locations. ?Pizza hut is also catching up and it has planned to establish 125 outlets at the end of 2005. ?Subways has established around 40 outlets ?Nirulas is established at Delhi and Noida only. However, it claims to cater 50,000 guests everyday. Major players in fast food are: ?MCDONALDS ?PIZZA HUT ?DOMINOS PIZZA Multinational fast-food companies have given domestic competition a run for its money. While McD onalds sells more than Nirulas, Pizza Hut and Dominos are doing more business than Pizza Corner. Within nine years of their existence in India since 1996, the multinationals have grown at a faster pace than their Indian counterparts. According to industry estimates, in 2001, while McDonalds clocked a turnover of about Rs 125 crore (Rs 1. 25 billion), the home-grown Nirulas, which has been present in the country since 1934, could only garner Rs 100 crore (Rs 1 billion) turnover. Also, both Dominos Pizza Hut and Dominos clocked a turnover of about Rs 60 crore (Rs 600 million) but Pizza Corner lagged behind with a turnover of Rs 25-30 crore (Rs 250-300 million). The main reason behind the success of the multinational chains is their expertise in product development, sourcing practices, quality standards, service levels and standardized operating procedures in their restaurants, a strength that they have developed over years of experience around the world. The home grown chains have in the past few years of competition with the MNCs, learnt a few things but there is still a lot of scope for improvement. We have applied our learning experience from other countries in all the processes including consistency, marketing, distribution and training to the local market conditions. Its now that the domestic chains have realized the importance of such practices. Nirulas is thus beefing up its organizational structure. Another key reason behind the success of multinationals is the ability to attract youngsters. While McDonalds has been able to attract people below 30, Dominos is targeting the convenience-seeker. Nirulas, on the other hand, is known to appeal more to the 30-plus consumer. Small wonder, Nirulas has launched its 21 range if ice cream cafes to attract the younger lot. The challenge for the home grown chains is also to reinvent themselves to appeal to the younger consumer. However, the domestic chains are at an advantage since they understand the Indian consumer behaviour and eating habits and their product offerings have been tailored accordingly. Multinational chains like McDonalds and Pizza Hut are still on a learning curve trying to customize their menu to the Indian taste and food preferences. Pizza Hut, for example, launched its masala range of pizzas and also opened the worlds first 100 per cent vegetarian outlet in India. Domino, on the other hand, has launched its peppy paneer pizza keeping in mind the Indian taste buds. The food service market in India is estimated to be around Rs 36,000 crore (Rs 360 billion), of which the urban fast food quick service restaurants is around Rs 1,000 crore (Rs 10 billion). This segment is witnessing high growth of around 25-30 per cent per annum so the market has a lot of potential to grow. REASON FOR EMERGENCE GENDER ROLES: gender roles are now changing. Females have started working outside. So, they have no time for there home and cooking food. Fast food is an easy way out because these can be prepared easily. CONSUMER SOPHISTICATION AND CONFIDENCE: consumers are becoming more sophisticated now. They do not want to prepare food and spend there time and energy in house hold works. They are building there confidence more on ‘ready to eat and easy to serve’ kind of foods PAUCITY OF TIME: people have no time for cooking. Because of emergence of working women and also number of other entertainment items. Most of the time either people work or want to enjoy with their family. DOUBLE INCOME GROUP: emergence of double income group leads to increase in disposable income. Now people have more disposable income so they can spend easily in fast food and other activities. WORKING WOMEN: working women have no time for cooking, and if they have then also they don’t want to cook. Because they want to come out of the traditionally defined gender roles. They do not want to confine themselves to household work and upbringing of children’s. MACRO-ECONMIC FACTOR AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY ?Increase in per capita income: There is continuous increase in the per capita income of the Indian citizens. More income in hand results into more spending in comforts and entertainment and thus results into more and more spending on fast and ready to serve kind of foods. Economic growth: With economic liberalization of 1991, more foreign and private industries entered the Indian market that result into income generation of the Indian residents – more income results into ore savings more savings means more investment – more investment results into overall growth of the economy. ?Large population: India being a second largest country in terms of popul ation possesses large potential market for all the products/services. This results into entry of large number of fast food players in the country. Relaxation in rules and regulations: with the economic liberalization of 1991, most of the tariff and non tariff barriers from the Indian boundaries are either removed or minimized. This helped significantly the MNC’s to enter in the country. ?Growth in number of womens in the work force: there is increase in the number of women work force in the recent years because of the improvement in the literacy rate and also because of the large number of jobs are now available because of the entry of foreign and private players in the Indian market. Menu diversification– increase in consumption of pizzas, burgers and other type of fast foods. CHALLENGES FOR THE INDUSTRY ?Social and cultural implications of Indians switching to western breakfast food: Generally, Hindus avoid all foods that are believed to inhibit physical and spiritua l development. Eating meat is not explicitly prohibited, but many Hindus are vegetarian because they adhere to the concept of ahimsa. Those seeking spiritual unity may avoid garlic and onions. The concept of purity influences Hindu food practices. Products from cows (e. g. , milk, yogurt, ghee-clarified butter) are considered pure. Pure foods can improve the purity of impure foods when they are prepared together. Some foods, such as beef or alcohol, are innately polluted and can never be made pure. But now, Indians are switching to fast food that contain all those things that are considered impure or against there beliefs. Some traditional and fundamentalist are against this transformation of food habit and number of times they provoke their counterparts to revolt against such foods. And that is what happened when McDonald’s decided to enter the complexity of Indian business landscape, counting only on its â€Å"fast food global formula†, without any apparent previous cultural training. ?Emphasis on the usage of bio-degradable products: Glasses, silverware, plates and cloth napkins are never provided with fast food. Instead, paper plates and napkins, polyurethane containers, plastic cups and tableware, drinking cartons or PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles are used, and these are all disposable. Many of these items are tossed in the garbage instead of being recycled, or even worse, merely thrown on the ground. This burdens nature unnecessarily and squanders raw materials. In order to reduce soil and water pollution, government now emphasis more on the usage of bio-degradable products. ?Retrenchment of employees: Most of new industries will be capital intensive and may drive local competitors, which have more workers, out of business. ?Profit repatriation: Repatriation of profits is another area of concern for Indian economy. As when multinational enters the any countries, people and government hope that it will increase the employment rate and result in economic growth. However, with the multinational operation, host country experiences these benefits for a short time period. In long run neither employment increases (because of capital intensive nature of MNC’s) nor it increases the GDP or GNP because whatever MNC’s earn they repatriate that profit back to their home country. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY ?Environmental friendly products cost high: Government is legislating laws in order to keep check on the fast food industry and it is emphasizing more on the usage of bio-degradable and environment friendly products. But associated with this issue is the problem that fast food player faces the cost associated with the environment friendly product. They cost much higher then the normal products that companies uses for packaging or wrapping their products. ?Balance between societal expectation and companies economic objectives: To balance a society’s expectation regarding environment with the economic burden of protecting the environment. Thus, one can see that one side pushes for higher standards and other side tries to beat the standard back, thereby making it a arm wrestling and mind boggling exercise. ?Health related issues: obesity: Studies have shown that a typical fast food has very high density and food with high density causes people to eat more then they usually need. ?Low calories food: Emphasis is now more on low calorie food. In this line McDonald has a plan to introduce all white meat chicken Mcnuugget with les fat and fewer calories. TRENDS IN INDIAN MARKET ?Marketing to chil drens: Fast food outlets in India target children’s as their major customers. They introduce varieties of things that will attract the children’s attention and by targeting children’s they automatically target their parents because Children’s are always accompanied by their parents. Low level customer commitment: Because of the large number of food retail outlets and also because of the tendency of customer to switch from one product to other (as food is one areas where customer wants to try everything new that comes to the market), this industry faces low level customer commitment. ?Value added technology services: There is continuous improvement in the technology as far as fast food market in India is considered. The reason behind that is food is a perishable item and in order to ensure that it remain fresh for a longer period of time, there is a need for continuous upgradation in technology. Earlier, Indian people prefer eating at home but now with the change in trend there is also need for improvement and upgradation of technology in food sector. ?Attracting different segments of the market: Fast food outlets are introducing varieties of products in order to cater the demands of each and every segment of the market. They are introducing all categories of product so that people of all age, sex, class, income group etc can come and become a customer of their food line. INTERNATIONAL TRENDS USA: ?Fast food chains are under fire from legal action. ?A Fat tax is being considered for implementation. North America, Western Europe and Japan together account 86% of total fast food market. UK: ?Fast food has grown by 5% since 2001and reached to $10. 1 billion. ?Bakery sector dominates in fast food. ?Largest market is of sandwiches. ?Burger is one of the weaker performing sector‘ German: ?Grown by 2% since 2001. ?Primarily younger generation and single ones visit such outlet s. ?Burger is the largest sector. ?Government policy is towards the reduction of garbage. Japan: ?Grown by 1. 5% since 2001 ?Japan has tailored its fast food to its countries population without sacrificing nutritional value. China: Growth of 14. 6% since 2001. ?Western style fast food successful in china market. France: ?Growth of 5. 8% since 2001. ?McDonalds France –most profitable subsidiary in Europe The success of fast foods arose from the changes in our living conditions: ? Many women or both parents now work ?There are increased numbers of single-parent households ?Long distances to school and work are common ?Usually, lunch times are short ?Theres often not enough time or opportunity to shop carefully for groceries, or to cook and eat with ones family. Especially on weekdays, fast food outside the home is the only solution. Today, only 40% of young college-age people eat lunch at home. Chiefly, but not exclusively, teenagers and young adults use fast food facilities when they need to catch a bite on the go. According to studies, 66% of young men and 33% of women in Switzerland eat one to two hamburgers a week, and half the teenagers eat French-fries once a week. The large chains have pulled out all the stops of modern marketing, targeting primarily young consumers. They entice their potential customers with TV spots, childrens parties, gifts for small children, and an ambiance that is generally child- and teenager-friendly. Large distributors, bakers and butchers, snack bars, and so on, also exploit the fast food trend and offer more take-out products. Its obvious that these campaigns are at the expense of traditional home dining culture. Experts have coined the term McDonaldization to describe this phenomenon. Some noticeable facts about fast food industry are: Fast food had experienced fast growth in past decade. Changing lifestyles, breakdown of joint family system, increasing number of working womens and western influence in urban areas are fuelling the demand for fast food. India already has the entire requirement for a head start in food industry. Basic materials such as food, vegetables and meat can be sourced locally or easily imported if local availability is not adequate. Food outlets are just beginning to appear in Indias big cities and this is a time for international chains to set a foothold. Competition will increase only with time Food Service Sector The food service sector in India consists of approximately 22,000 registered restaurants with sales of over $15,000 per month. In addition, there are more than 100,000 roadside restaurants (dhabas) in small stalls in cities and on highways, and 1,700 registered restaurants in hotels. The institutional sector consists of hospitals, prisons, defense establishments, schools, company canteens, railways, and airlines. The opportunity for U. S. food companies in India’s food service market is small but growing. Sales by Indian food service companies totaled approximately $6 billion in fiscal year 1999 (latest available data). Restaurants account for approximately 56 percent of Indian food service sales and institutional sales, about 39 ercent. Indian consumers spent only 2. 4 percent of their food expenditures in hotels and restaurants in fiscal year 1996. American consumers, by comparison, spent 46 percent of their food expenditures on away from- home meals. Hotel Restaurants The hotel industry is growing, and major hotel companies are currently expanding in the premium segment. An increase in Indian budge t travelers is expected to drive the long-term growth in the mid-range hotel sector. India has some excellent hotel chains, including: Indian Hotels Ltd. (Taj Group); East India Hotels Company Ltd. Oberoi Group); ITC Ltd. (Welcome Group); Asian Hotels; and Leela Venture. Several international chains such as Radisson, Best Western, and Quality Inn have also established a presence through franchising. These chains import around $30 million of food products, mainly wine and alcoholic beverages, fruits and vegetables, meat, sauces, and cheese. Growing demand from Indian hotels and consumers is driving growth in liquor imports. Sales of imported alcoholic beverages are growing at more than 50 percent per year despite very high duties. India’s current imports of processed vegetables are low, but have grown at more than 250 percent per year from fiscal year 1994 to 1998. The Indian government has recently allowed the import of many semi-processed vegetable preparations (previously restricted) under a special import license. While leading hotels note the excellent reputation of U. S. food products, cost is often identified as the constraint. Nevertheless, the hotel and tourism sectors (which have great potential in India) provide opportunities for U. S. exporters to position themselves. Hotels procure imported products through several chann